Sobre los orígenes de la psicología científica en España: El papel del movimiento krausista

Resumen

Parece incuestionable que una de las principales líneas de penetración de la psicología científica en España se realiza a través de la influencia del krausismo positivo. El presente artículo intenta analizar y comprender este fenómeno. En primer lugar, se expone la situación científica y filosófica española en el momento en que la psicología europea adquiere con Wundt el carácter de disciplina independiente: la precaria situación de la ciencia experimental en España pone en manos de los filósofos (especialmente los vinculados a la tradición krausista) la tarea de incorporar los resultados de la nueva ciencia psicológica. En segundo lugar, se destacan algunas de las principales aportaciones psicológicas de ese pensamiento krausopositivista. Y, finalmente, como explicación de este hecho, se pone de relieve la centralidad que la temática psicológica tenía ya en el pensamiento krausista anterior; es, por tanto, la fidelidad a los propios principios de este pensamiento lo que impulsa a un diálogo con la psicología europea del momento, según las directrices que ésta marcaba.     

句子加工中的语义P600效应

句子加工领域的研究中,一般认为,N400效应与语义加工有关,句法违反通常引发P600效应。然而近年来一些研究发现,句子语义违反时也引发了P600效应,即语义P600效应。对语义P600效应的诱发原因及其功能意义,目前有三种代表性的解释:监控说认为,P600效应是由语言理解过程中的认知冲突引发的,反映了认知监控系统对可能出现的加工错误的检测与解决;而非句法中心动态模型认为语义P600效应反映的是句子理解过程中两条通路之间出现冲突时的持续分析;扩展的论元依赖模型则用新的句子加工模型来解释语义P600效应,认为语义P600效应与句法违反引发的P600效应产生于句子加工的不同过程。     

循证医学热潮下的冷思考--循证医学误区与差异之管见

循证医学(EBM)是一门20世纪80～90年代新兴的临床医学模式.在循证医学的实施过程中,存在理论与实践方面的偏差,认知与理解方面的误区和对个体差异的忽略,这势必会影响循证医学的健康发展.为此,从三个方面对此加以阐述.     

财富、幸福与德性——读亚里士多德《尼各马可伦理学》

财富、幸福与德性构成人的本质发展的永恒主题。财富是人们安身立命之基础,幸福则是人关于生活意义的体悟。作为基础的财富构成体悟的对象,幸福的体悟能力则蕴涵着人们对财富创造、分配和消费意义的评价和选择,具有不同评价选择能力即德性素质的人将勾勒出财富与幸福之间复杂关系的不同的曲线图。一财富与幸福的背离现象坎贝尔(Compbell)等人关于“美国人的生活质量”的研究(1976)发现,在可能影响生活满意度的12种因素中,经济地位排在第11位。而金(King)和纳帕(Napa)则发现(1998),在影响幸福指数的各种因素中,金钱只起到1/5的作用,在构成…     

Improving oral reading fluency by influencing students' choice of instructional procedures: an experimental analysis with two students with behavioral disorders

Choice as an antecedent intervention has been shown to improve student behavior in a variety of ways. This investigation examined whether students could be influenced to choose whether and how to be instructed while directly measuring effects on academic performance. Using a multiple‐probe design, the reading fluency of two middle school students with Behavioral Disorders was measured repeatedly across passages. Students could earn a tangible reward for meeting a pre‐determined performance criterion in passage reading. Prior to reading the criterion passage, each student was told that he or she could choose to be instructed or not be instructed in a similar passage with high content overlap. Both students consistently chose to be instructed (as well as how they would be instructed) and stable increases in oral reading fluency were obtained. Results are discussed in terms of how motivational variables can be used to influence students' choice of instructional procedures in ways that increase their opportunities to respond and measured learning. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玄奘《八识规矩颂》新译

本文是为作者新译释的《玄奘八识规矩颂》而撰写的导言。在第一部分中首先介绍的是佛教“唯识学”及其“识”的基本含义。在第二部分中则进一步介绍“唯识学”在印度的缘起及其以后的发展史,以及它在中印文化传播中扮演的角色。第三部分是对《八识规矩颂》作者玄奘的总体介绍和评价。第四部分再现了历史上关于《八识规矩颂》之真伪的争议,并对这个争议做出自己的评价。最后的第五部分则是对《八识规矩颂》新译释的几个方法和义理的说明。     

小学中高年级儿童情绪理解力的特点研究

对640名小学中高年级儿童情绪理解力的测查表明,儿童能够理解抽象的情绪概念和简单的情绪词汇;会依赖表情、言语及副言语和身体动作线索识别他人的情绪;会依赖内部心理活动、表情和身体动作线索识别自己的情绪;儿童已理解情绪与事件/行为间的因果联系,对积极情绪事件/行为的理解具有社交性和亲社会性的特点,对消极情绪事件/行为的理解具有攻击性和破坏性的特点;在理解自己和他人情绪隐藏能力时存在明显差异。     

Temporal modulations of agonist and antagonist muscle activities accompanying improved performance of ballistic movements

Although many studies have examined performance improvements of ballistic movement through practice, it is still unclear how performance advances while maintaining maximum velocity, and how the accompanying triphasic electromyographic (EMG) activity is modified. The present study focused on the changes in triphasic EMG activity, i.e., the first agonist burst (AG1), the second agonist burst (AG2), and the antagonist burst (ANT), that accompanied decreases in movement time and error. Twelve healthy volunteers performed 100 ballistic wrist flexion movements in ten 10-trial sessions under the instruction to "maintain maximum velocity throughout the experiment and to stop the limb at the target as fast and accurately as possible". Kinematic parameters (position and velocity) and triphasic EMG activities from the agonist (flexor carpi radialis) and antagonist (extensor carpi radialis) muscles were recorded. Comparison of the results obtained from the first and the last 10 trials, revealed that movement time, movement error, and variability of amplitudes reduced with practice, and that maximum velocity and time to maximum velocity remained constant. EMG activities showed that AG1 and AG2 durations were reduced, whereas ANT duration did not change. Additionally, ANT and AG2 latencies were reduced. Integrated EMG of AG1 was significantly reduced as well. Analysis of the alpha angle (an index of the rate of recruitment of the motoneurons) showed that there was no change in either AG1 or AG2. Correlation analysis of alpha angles between these two bursts further revealed that the close relationship of AG1 and AG2 was kept constant through practice. These findings led to the conclusion that performance improvement in ballistic movement is mainly due to the temporal modulations of agonist and antagonist muscle activities when maximum velocity is kept constant. Presumably, a specific strategy is consistently applied during practice.     

现象学与逻辑学

无论在胡塞尔思想中还是在海德格尔思想中,现象学与逻辑学的关系都构成一个核心问题。本文首先再现了胡塞尔前后期在此问题上的相关研究,并指出他的超越论逻辑学的要点在于对本质的前逻辑直观,也是最有可能为逻辑学提供哲学支撑的因素。其次,在海德格尔方面,根据律概念成为讨论现象学与逻辑学关系的切入点,由此导出他的“存在理解”、“无蔽”和“自由”的概念解释。他们的共同点在于：把形式逻辑看作陈述逻辑,并试图用前谓词判断的哲学逻辑学来为它奠基。     

评《康德三大批判精粹》

我国对康德研究的现状和进展,可以从康德译本里反映出来.本文即以杨祖陶、邓晓芒的《康德三大批判精粹》为主,比较了康德哲学的不同中文译本,对照德语和拉丁语原文评价和讨论了康德哲学翻译上的几个重要问题,尤其是对译名进行了讨论,并对不同译本有所比较和评价.