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81.
B. Russell, Foundations of logic 1903-05, The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Volume 4, Edited by Urquhart, A. with the assistance of Lewis, A. C. London and New York:Routledge, 1994, Hi+ 743 pp. £100 相似文献
82.
In this paper, we assess the extent to which subjective and objective body appraisals relate to weight management goals and ultimately to life satisfaction in midlife men and women. The sample consisted of 141 midlife men and women (aged 55–59) from the Foley Longitudinal Study of Adulthood. We used both logistic and hierarchical linear regressions to examine relationships among and between variables. Both men and women expressed similar levels of body appraisal, and similar weight management goals; lower body appraisal and the presence of a weight management goal were both related to lower well-being. This study suggests that subjective and objective body appraisals may motivate the setting of weight management goals, and are significant contributors to well-being in midlife. Results are discussed in the context of aging, as well as gender. 相似文献
83.
When reaching goals, organisms must simultaneously meet the overarching goal of conserving energy. According to the law of least effort, organisms will select the means associated with the least effort. The mechanisms underlying this bias remain unknown. One
hypothesis is that organisms come to avoid situations associated with unnecessary effort by generating a negative valence
toward the stimuli associated with such situations. Accordingly, merely using a dysfunctional, ‘slow’ computer mouse causes
participants to dislike ambient neutral images (Study 1). In Study 2, nonsense shapes were liked less when associated with
effortful processing (135° of mental rotation) versus easier processing (45° of rotation). Complementing ‘fluency’ effects
found in perceptuo-semantic research, valence emerged from action-related processing in a principled fashion. The findings
imply that negative valence associations may underlie avoidance motivations, and have practical implications for educational/workplace
contexts in which effort and positive affect are conducive to success. 相似文献
84.
A Meta‐Analysis of Voice and Its Promotive and Prohibitive Forms: Identification of Key Associations,Distinctions, and Future Research Directions 下载免费PDF全文
This article reports meta‐analyses intended to clarify and enhance our understanding of voice and its promotive and prohibitive forms. We find that undifferentiated constructive voice is associated with a wide range of antecedents that fit in Morrison's (2014) five categories: (a) dispositions, (b) job and organizational attitudes and perceptions, (c) emotions, beliefs, and schemas, (d) supervisor and leader behavior, and (e) contextual factors. However, relative weight analyses reveal a highly dominant variable within each category (personal initiative, felt responsibility, engagement, leader–member exchange, and positive workplace climate). We also find that undifferentiated constructive voice has a moderate zero‐order association with job performance that is nonsignificant when task performance and organizational citizenship behavior are also considered. Finally, we explore how associations vary as a function of whether voice is promotive or prohibitive. First, there are significant differences in associations with over a third of the antecedents (core self‐evaluations, felt responsibility, organizational commitment, detachment, psychological safety, ethical leadership, and leader openness). Second, although promotive voice has a positive association with job performance, the opposite is true for prohibitive voice. We conclude with suggestions to enhance our understanding of voice, especially with respect to efforts needed to clarify and distinguish promotive and prohibitive voice. 相似文献
85.
Alexandra Newton 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2017,47(4):518-540
Feeling, for any animal, is a faculty of comparing objects or representations with regard to whether they promote its vital powers (pleasure) or hinder them (displeasure). But whereas these comparisons presuppose a species-concept in non-rational animals, nature has not equipped the human being with a universal principle or life-form that would determine what agrees or disagrees with it. As humans, we must determine our mode of life for ourselves. Contrary to other interpretations, I argue that this places the human capacity for pleasure and displeasure outside of nature and in a realm of spirit. 相似文献
86.
This article describes the Mathematical Mentoring Coding Scheme (MMCS), a coding scheme that identifies indicators relevant to the study of content-informed scaffolding. Content-informed scaffolding refers to the use of subject matter content in ill-defined problem spaces to focus the learner, and provide and fade feedback so that the learner becomes autonomous. It is suggested that the MMCS could also double as a rubric for instruction in content-informed scaffolding. Two case examples of preservice teachers’ scaffolding of elementary students’ problem solving serve as illustrations. 相似文献
87.
ABSTRACT— Recent discoveries suggest that social pain is as real and intense as physical pain, and that the social-pain system may have piggybacked on the brain structure that had evolved earlier for physical pain. The present study examined an important distinction between social and physical pain: Individuals can relive and reexperience social pain more easily and more intensely than physical pain. Studies 1 and 2 showed that people reported higher levels of pain after reliving a past socially painful event than after reliving a past physically painful event. Studies 3 and 4 found, in addition, that people performed worse on cognitively demanding tasks after they relived social rather than physical pain. Implications for research on social pain and theories about social pain are discussed. 相似文献
88.
Steven A. Rogers H. Newton Malony Esther M. Coleman Leslie Tepper 《Journal of religion and health》2002,41(2):167-178
Despite the increased attention given to the religious experiences of those with mental illness, the specific nature of the changes in religious attitudes that occur within this population remain yet unknown. In this study, 406 individuals with persistent mental illness who attended one of 13 Los Angeles County Mental Health facilities completed a demographic questionnaire, an adapted version of the Religious Coping Index, and the Symptom Checklist 90-R. Over 54% of the participants reported a change in their religious beliefs such that their faith became stronger or weaker as a result, and 66% perceived these changes to be positive in nature. Qualitative codings suggest that a constructive or destructive use of religion and the quality of one's self-image and relationship with God are the primary themes underlying these changes. Those changes that were predominantly positive were associated with less severe symptomatology and more religious coping when compared to predominantly negative changes. These findings suggest that religious attitudes may be an ongoing and dynamic part of the experience of mental illness that should be considered in the treatment and research afforded by mental health professionals. 相似文献
89.
Margaret Newton 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2002,15(1):85-89
This study evaluates the outcome of counselling in primary care. The method replicates part of a previous study in the same setting and finds similar results. Outcome was assessed by clients using a goal attainment scale. A high rate of goal attainment was reported. A content analysis system was used to categorize goals, a high level of inter-rater reliability was found. The majority of goals were those aspiring to some 'change' in the clients' lives. This study found that these goals were predominately expressed in positive rather than negative terms. Limitations of the study include the lack of data on the clients who chose not to participate. Recommendations for future research are to include the opinions of these clients. 相似文献
90.
W. Brian McPherson Joseph E. O. Newton Peggy Ackerman D. Michael Oglesby Roscoe A. Dykman 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1997,32(1):31-42
We tested 186 children ranging in age from 6 years, 10 months to 13 years, 7 months; 174 suffered either physical and/or sexual
abuse, and 12 were nonabused children. Abused subjects were grouped in four different ways. The primary grouping was based
on whether subjects satisfied the DSM III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Secondary groupings were based
upon the three symptom clusters used to make the PTSD diagnosis (arousal, avaidance, and reexperiencing). In each of these
groupings three separate subgroups were formed with approximately 25 percent in the high and low symptom count subgroups and
the remaining 50 percent in the middle symptom count subgroup.
Subjects listened to four different intensity levels (65, 80, 95, and 102 dB) of a 1 KHz tone, pseudo-randomly ordered, while
event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Two separate blocks were used, one with short intervals (4±1 sec) between
tones and the other with longer intervals (17±2 sec). PTSD subjects presented a greater P2-N2 ERP intensity gradient (i.e.,
a larger increase in the P2-N2 ERP component as tone intensity increased) than did abused subjects without PTSD. Abused subjects
with the highest number of reexperiencing symptoms showed a similar P2-N2 augmenting effect when compared to those with the
lowest number of reexperiencing symptoms. Subjects with the highest number of arousal symptoms showed a shallower intensity
gradient for the N1-P2 ERP component than did those with fewer arousal symptoms. The results are discussed in relation to
previous results reported on adults with PTSD and in terms of CNS processing of stimulus intensity information. 相似文献