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201.
Laura R. Ramsey Megan E. Haines Molly M. Hurt Jaclyn A. Nelson Dixie L. Turner Miriam Liss Mindy J. Erchull 《Sex roles》2007,56(9-10):611-616
Previous research has shown that most women in the United States support feminist goals but do not label themselves as feminists. Concern over other people’s opinions of feminists may predict rejection of the feminist label. In the present study we predicted that feminists would be more likely than non-feminists to believe that other people view feminists favorably. One hundred seventy-one female participants completed the Berryman-Fink Semantic Differential Scale twice, once to indicate how they view feminists and again to indicate how they believe others view feminists. Contrary to our hypothesis, all women, regardless of feminist identification, believed that others view feminists negatively and as more likely to be homosexual than heterosexual. Relationships between participants’ own views of feminists and their perceptions of others’ views of feminists were explored. Transformative experiences that may lead a feminist to ignore their perception of society’s views are discussed. 相似文献
202.
In five studies, we found that people like their names enough to unconsciously pursue consciously avoided outcomes that resemble their names. Baseball players avoid strikeouts, but players whose names begin with the strikeout-signifying letter K strike out more than others (Study 1). All students want As, but students whose names begin with letters associated with poorer performance (C and D) achieve lower grade point averages (GPAs) than do students whose names begin with A and B (Study 2), especially if they like their initials (Study 3). Because lower GPAs lead to lesser graduate schools, students whose names begin with the letters C and D attend lower-ranked law schools than students whose names begin with A and B (Study 4). Finally, in an experimental study, we manipulated congruence between participants' initials and the labels of prizes and found that participants solve fewer anagrams when a consolation prize shares their first initial than when it does not (Study 5). These findings provide striking evidence that unconsciously desiring negative name-resembling performance outcomes can insidiously undermine the more conscious pursuit of positive outcomes. 相似文献
203.
Martin S Meyer JA Nelson L Baldwin V Ting L Sterling D 《Perceptual and motor skills》2007,104(2):599-610
Locus of control, self-control, and family income were investigated as possible predictors of 138 young children's mathematics and science scores. The children, 60 boys and 78 girls, ranging from 4 to 8 years of age (M = 5.4, SD = 1.3) were administered the Stephens-Delys Reinforcement Contingency Interview Scale, the Self-control Rating Scale, the Comprehensive Mathematics Inventory, and a science test based on the work of D. K. Dickinson. Analysis showed mathematics scores were positively related to income, locus of control, and science scores. Mathematics and science scores were negatively related to lack of self-control. Also, science scores were positively related to locus of control. Multiple regression analysis with mathematics as the dependent variable indicated income had the greatest predictive value followed by self-control and locus of control. The multiple regression model of science was also significant, with locus of control having the greatest influence followed by self-control. 相似文献
204.
Previous researchers (e.g., J. A. Bargh, 1992, 2002) demonstrated the importance of nonconscious processes on consumer choice behavior. Using an advertisement, the authors determined the effect of two nonconscious processes--the mere exposure effect, which increases object preference by increasing consumer exposure to an object, and the endowment effect, which increases object valuation by providing consumer possession of an object--on consumer behavior. Although the mere exposure effect and endowment effect did not produce an interaction, they produced independent effects. The endowment effect increased object valuation but not object preference. The mere exposure effect increased object preference but not object valuation. Thus, at the unconscious level, an increase in object preference does not lead to an increase in object valuation, nor does an increase in object valuation lead to an increase in object preference. The authors discuss the importance of developing measures of unconscious process in advertising effectiveness. 相似文献
205.
According to a traditional assumption about working memory, participants retain a series of verbal items for immediate recall
using covert verbal rehearsal, without much need for attention. We reassessed this assumption by imposing a speeded, nonverbal
choice reaction time (CRT) task following the presentation of each digit in a list to be recalled. When the memory load surpassed
a few items, performance on the speeded CRT task became increasingly impaired. This CRT task impairment depended only on attention-related
components of working memory; it was not alleviated by the presence of an auditory memory trace that automatically helped
the recall of items at the ends of spoken lists. We suggest that attention-demanding refreshing of verbal stimuli occurs along
with any covert rehearsal. 相似文献
206.
207.
Jared S. Warren Philip L. Nelson Gary M. Burlingame 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(6):690-701
We developed predicted change trajectories and a warning system designed to identify psychotherapy cases at risk for treatment
failure as observed in archival Youth Outcome Questionnaire data (parent/guardian-report) from 363 children and adolescents
(ages 4–17) served in an outpatient community mental health system. We used multilevel modeling procedures to develop models
of predicted change based on demographic information. Controlling for the effects of age on intercept, no other variables
were significant in the model. The warning system we created from half of the sample (n = 181) correctly identified 71% of treatment failures in the other half of the sample (n = 182), defined as cases whose symptoms were significantly higher at the end of treatment compared to symptoms at intake.
As over half of youth cases in this usual care setting did not demonstrate reliable improvement in symptoms, these results
further emphasize the value of patient-focused research in monitoring patient progress and prompting changes in the treatment
approach if suitable progress is not observed. 相似文献
208.
209.
Tracy Riggins Neely C. Miller Patricia J. Bauer Michael K. Georgieff Charles A. Nelson 《Developmental science》2009,12(2):209-219
The ability to recall contextual details associated with an event begins to develop in the first year of life, yet adult levels of recall are not reached until early adolescence. Dual‐process models of memory suggest that the distinct retrieval process that supports the recall of such contextual information is recollection. In the present investigation, we used both behavioral and electrophysiological measures to assess the development of memory for contextual details, as indexed by memory for temporal order, in early childhood. Results revealed age‐related improvements in memory for temporal order despite similar levels of memory for the individual items themselves. Furthermore, this pattern of recall was associated with specific components in the electrophysiological response. Consistent with electrophysiological research in adults, distributed, positive‐going activity late in the waveform was associated with increases in recall of contextual details and the development of recollective processes. 相似文献
210.
Nelson JB Callejas-Aguilera JE 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2007,33(3):314-326
In 2 experiments, participants completed a computer task in which they judged the probability of outcomes occurring (e.g., flowers growing, a bug infestation) given cues (e.g., treatment of soil with a fictitious garden product). In each 2-phase experiment, cue X was associated with 1 outcome in Phase 1 and with a 2nd outcome in Phase 2. When the outcome in Phase 1 (e.g., X led to a bug infestation) was replaced in Phase 2 (e.g., X led to flowers growing), contextual control was observed (Experiments 1 and 2). Information learned in each phase was less likely to be retrieved when the cue was tested in a context different from the 1 where training occurred. When the 2nd outcome did not conflict with information acquired in the 1st phase (e.g., X led to flowers and bugs), no contextual control was observed (Experiment 2). Acquiring a 2nd association to X resulted in contextual control only when it conflicted with an association learned earlier. The authors discuss the role of interference produced when conflicting information is acquired in establishing contextual control. 相似文献