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81.
Ostroff, Woolverton, Berry, and Lesko in 1996 examined the adolescent subsample of Veit and Ware's 1983 normative data for the Mental Health Inventory and recommended a two-factor rather than the original five-factor model for the assessment of adolescents' mental health. Analysis of a 30-item version with a new independent sample of 878 adolescents in another English-speaking country supported a two-factor model of psychological well-being and distress for boys and girls. Internal consistency was > .9, and scores were stable (approximately .7) over a 10-wk. period. Boys reported slightly better mental health than girls, as in the original American research. 相似文献
82.
Pretrained appetitive discriminative stimuli were used as warning signals in subsequent avoidance learning. In Expt 1 identical responses were required in pretraining and in avoidance learning. An appetitive S+ facilitated avoidance learning in rats in comparison to S? or a stimulus previously uncorrelated with food. In Expt 2, the type of response in pretraining and in avoidance learning was varied. Groups with homogeneous responses in the two situations replicated Expt 1 results, whereas groups with different responses in pretraining and avoidance learning failed to show an advantage when S+ served as warning; in the heterogeneous response groups, S? was as effective as S+. Inhibitory factors in the heterogeneous groups were discussed as an explanation for these results. 相似文献
83.
Single dichotic word pairs were presented for immediate identification. Recognition probability was greater and response latencies shorter for high- than for low-frequency words. Both recognition measures were also affected by the frequency of the word accompanying the target word, performance being facilitated by a high-frequency partner and sometimes impaired by a low-frequency partner. Associative meaningfulness had similar, though less reliable, effects whereas the effects of word concreteness-abstractness were inconsistent. Recognition accuracy was generally superior for right-ear inputs, but recognition latency did not show consistent ear effects. Similar results were obtained under both unrestricted (Experiment 1) and controlled (Experiment 2) ear order of report instructions. The findings are consistent with a limited capacity interpretation of secondary processing in word perception. 相似文献
84.
Smith, Haviland, Reder, Brownell, and Adams (1976) found tachistoscopic letter recognition to be disrupted by advance information about possible letter alternatives. An association of “before-disruption” with a bias to respond “same” in same-different judgment led Smith et al. to conclude that incidental mask features corresponding to a precued letter were erroneously incorporated into the target letter decision. Experiments 1 and 2 in the present study failed to replicate the before-disruption effect under conditions similar to those of Smith et al., although precuing produced a strong bias to respond “same.” Similarity between “same” and “different” alternatives was manipulated in Experiment 3 by selecting letter pairs differing in one critical feature (P-R, O-Q, C-G, F-E) for one group of subjects, and re-pairing the same letters (P-G, O-E, C-R, F-Q) for another group. Contrary to Smith et el., precuing interacted significantly with pair similarity, such that before-disruption occurred only with similar alternatives. In contrast, precuing produced equivalent “same-bias” in both groups. The dependence of before-disruption on pair similarity was extended to two-alternative forced-choice recognition in Experiment 4. Together with inconsistencies in the Smith et al. data and more detailed analysis of present recognition errors, the results suggest (1) the before-disruption and same-bias effects of precuing are mediated by separate mechanisms, and (2) before-disruption reflects loss of target letter information rather than direct incorporation of extraneous mask features. 相似文献
85.
We examined the impact of personal spiritualityand religious social activity on the life satisfactionof older widowed women. Fifty-one White, femaleretirement community residents completed measures of personal spirituality, religious socialactivities, and life satisfaction. Ten residents werealso interviewed about their religious beliefs andactivities. Although the interviews revealed bothpersonal spirituality and religious social activity tobe central to the life satisfaction of these women,quantitative results suggested only involvement withreligious social activities was related to lifesatisfaction. Interviews revealed thatchurch activitiesprovided the women a loving family and a supportivecommunity. Religious activities helped these older womenovercome hardships, gave them a chance to sustainfriendships, and provided a vehicle through which they couldcontribute to their community. 相似文献
86.
Kathleen M. Terry Leslie A. Valdes W. Trammell Neill 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1994,55(3):279-286
When attention is drawn to a location and then withdrawn, responding to a stimulus at that location may be slower than to one at a new location. This “inhibition of return” (IOR) has not been reliably demonstrated in tasks that require discrimination of targets from nontargets. The present experiments replicated IOR in detection and localization tasks only when target/nontarget discrimination was not also required. When discrimination was required, a consistent samelocation advantage occurred for repeated targets. Changed targets may, however, induce a bias toward opposite responses. The results cast doubt on IOR as a general attentional phenomenon. 相似文献
87.
Two experiments were performed with incidental study procedures in which generation effects were observed for relatively balanced French-English bilingual subjects on measures of both free recall and recognition. Experiment 1 used a within-subject design, and Experiment 2 used a between-subject design. In both experiments, reading translations and reading same-language repetitions generally resulted in similar amounts of retention. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 also showed that the generation effect was abolished under intentional study procedures because of an enhancement of reading-based retention. The results suggested that previous failures to obtain a translation-based generation effect may have been due to the use of intentional study procedures. The pattern of effects was explained in terms of a single-code model of bilingual linguistic representation and an individual-item processing intetpretation of the generation effect. 相似文献
88.
89.
Drawing on theories of self-discrepancy and self-focused attention, two studies tested the associations between self-discrepancy and chronic social self-consciousness (CSSC), a trait-like view of the self as a social object. In Study 1, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that real/own-ought/other discrepancy was uniquely associated with CSSC independent of impression management, neuroticism, and real/own-ideal/own discrepancy among women but not men. In Study 2, the unique relation between real/own-ought/other discrepancy and CSSC was replicated in a larger sample of women after controlling several robust competing variables including the importance of physical appearance. Discussion considers real/own-ought/other discrepancy as a unique psychological predictor of taking a chronic view of the self as a social object among women. 相似文献
90.
Janice Neibaur Day Andrea P. McDonnell Rob O’Neill 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2008,17(3):253-277
This study examined the effects of using a research based print reading program modified to accommodate beginning braille
readers using an alphabet or uncontracted braille reading approach with five beginning braille readers. Four of the 5 participants
displayed a clear increase in their ability to read high frequency words when they began using the Early Steps reading program
modified to an Early Steps Alphabet Braille Reading Program. Study findings indicate that access to reading activities and
materials afforded to sighted peers resulted in improved reading outcomes for children with visual impairments. Teachers,
participants, and family members all viewed the use of the uncontracted braille reading program and materials favorably. Specialized
reading instruction was also perceived as beneficial by teachers of students with visual impairments when the training addressed
the specific needs of braille readers. 相似文献