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161.
James D. Sauer Neil Brewer Nathan Weber 《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2012,1(2):80-88
Sauer, Brewer, and Weber (2008) advanced a novel procedure for testing eyewitness recognition memory. Rather than providing a single decision (i.e., identifying a lineup member or rejecting the lineup as a whole), participants rated their confidence that each lineup member was the culprit. Classification algorithms determined when patterns of confidence ratings indicated suspect guilt or innocence. Across varied test stimuli, confidence-based classifications equalled or out-performed single decisions. However, Sauer et al.’s classification criteria were designed to optimize performance for the data to which they were applied. If effective classification using confidence ratings requires such idiosyncratic criteria, the applied utility of the confidence procedure is nil. We re-analysed the data from Sauer et al.’s two identification experiments and demonstrated that confidence-based classification performance exceeding that of a traditional lineup task did not depend on uniquely developed classification criteria. Confidence-rating lineups offer a potentially promising alternative to procedures requiring single decisions from witnesses. 相似文献
162.
The influence of pre-experimental autobiographical knowledge on recognition memory was investigated using as memoranda faces that were either personally known or unknown to the participant. Under a dual process theory, such knowledge boosted both recollection- and familiarity-based recognition judgements. Under an unequal variance signal detection model, pre-experimental knowledge increased both the variance and the separation of the target and foil memory strength distributions, boosting hits and correct rejections. Thus, pre-experimental knowledge has profound effects on the multiple, interacting processes that subserve recognition memory, and likely in the neural systems that underpin them. 相似文献
163.
Despite continuing controversies regarding the vital status of both brain-dead donors and individuals who undergo donation after circulatory death (DCD), respecting the dead donor rule (DDR) remains the standard moral framework for organ procurement. The DDR increases organ supply without jeopardizing trust in transplantation systems, reassuring society that donors will not experience harm during organ procurement. While the assumption that individuals cannot be harmed once they are dead is reasonable in the case of brain-dead protocols, we argue that the DDR is not an acceptable strategy to protect donors from harm in DCD protocols. We propose a threefold alternative to justify organ procurement practices: (1) ensuring that donors are sufficiently protected from harm; (2) ensuring that they are respected through informed consent; and (3) ensuring that society is fully informed of the inherently debatable nature of any criterion to declare death. 相似文献
164.
Ichikawa N Siegle GJ Jones NP Kamishima K Thompson WK Gross JJ Ohira H 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):354-371
This study examined neural features of emotional responses to errors. We specifically examined whether directed emotion regulation
of negative emotion associated with error modulates action-monitoring functions of anterior cingulate cortex, including conflict
monitoring, error processing, and error prevention. Seventeen healthy adults performed a continuous performance task during
assessment by fMRI. In each block, participants were asked either to increase or decrease their negative emotional responses
or to react naturally after error commission. Emotion regulation instructions were associated with modulation of rostral and
dorsal anterior activity and of their effective connectivity following errors and conflict. Cingulate activity and connectivity
predicted subsequent errors. These data may suggest that responses to errors are affected by emotion and that aspects of emotion
and cognition are inextricably linked, even during a nominally cognitive task. 相似文献
165.
166.
Neil M. A. Hauenstein Reagan D. Brown Andrea L. Sinclair 《Journal of business and psychology》2010,25(4):663-672
Purpose
A contributing reason for the common problem of missing middle anchors on behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) is the standard deviation (SD) criterion used in scaling phase. An alternative BARS scaling process is proposed based on the a wg(1) index of interrater agreement. 相似文献167.
Eyewitnesses sometimes view more than one lineup during an investigation. We investigated the effects of postidentification feedback following one lineup on responses to a second lineup. Witnesses (N=621) viewed a mock crime and, later, attempted to identify the culprit from an initial (target-absent) lineup and a second (target-present or target-absent) lineup. Prior to viewing the second lineup, some witnesses received accurate feedback stating that the initial lineup did not contain the culprit. A compound-decision, signal detection approach allowed the effects of feedback on identification responses to be described in terms of differences in discriminability and response bias. For witnesses who made an incorrect foil identification from the initial lineup, feedback (vs. no feedback) was associated with poorer discriminability on the second test. For witnesses who correctly rejected the initial lineup, feedback (vs. no feedback) was associated with greater discriminability on the second test. Only witnesses who received feedback after an initial correct rejection performed at a level comparable with a single-lineup control group, suggesting that an initial identification test can impair, but not enhance, performance on a second test involving the same culprit. From a theoretical perspective, the results are consistent with the idea that the way people use memorial information when making memory decisions is flexible. Analyses of preidentification confidence ratings, obtained in a follow-up study (N=133), suggested that the effects of feedback on identification performance may have operated via differences in witnesses' metacognitive beliefs. 相似文献
168.
Neil P. Jones Greg J. Siegle Emilie R. Muelly Agnes Haggerty Frank Ghinassi 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):129-140
Depressed people perform poorly on cognitive tasks. It is unclear whether these deficits are due to decreased devotion of
task-related resources or to increased attention to non-task-related information. In the present study, we examined the degree
to which depressed and healthy adults displayed pupillary motility that varied at the frequency of presented stimuli on a
cognitive task, which we interpreted as task-related processing, and at other frequencies, which we interpreted as reflecting
intrinsic processing. Depressed participants made more consecutive errors than did controls. More pupillary motility at other
frequencies was associated with poorer performance, whereas more pupillary motility at the frequency of presented stimuli
was associated with better performance. Depressed participants had more pupillary motility at other frequencies, which partially
mediated observed deficits in cognitive performance. These findings support the hypothesis that allocating cognitive resources
to intrinsic processing contributes to observed cognitive deficits in depression. 相似文献
169.
The purpose of this study was to move beyond the traditional specificity model of autobiographical memory (ABM) and to examine the content of memories with a focus on disorder and schema-relevant content. The sample (N = 82) included 25 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 24 with social phobia (SP), and 33 with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) who were referred to a large outpatient clinic for group treatment of depression or anxiety. Participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) and Beck Depression Inventory-II as part of the clinical intake process. Responses to the AMT were coded for disorder-specific content based on diagnostic criteria for each disorder as well as for schema-relevant (sociotropy vs. autonomy) content. A repeated measures multiple analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in disorder-specific content, with patients in the MDD group reporting more depressotypic ABMs than those in the PDA group but not the SP group. Similarly, in the analysis of schema-relevant content, significant differences were found between MDD and PDA regarding the presence of autonomy-based ABM ratings. Study results provide partial support for the cognitive specificity hypothesis with ABM content. The results are discussed in relation to the cognitive models of depression and anxiety. 相似文献
170.
Visual information about the location of the hand in space plays a key role in many theories of the development of reaching. Empirical data casts doubt on this assumption, although vision of the hand is clearly used by adults. The current study investigated the role of vision in 15-month-olds' reaching, manipulating both the precision demands of the task and the level of visual information available. Infants reached for both large and small objects, presented with visual feedback of the target and hand (full lighting), or with visual feedback of only the target object (glowing object in the dark). In contrast to findings with younger infants, 15-month-olds' reaches were sensitive to changes in precision demands and visual feedback, reflecting corrective movements that become necessary as reaching tasks become more challenging. Furthermore, these kinematic alterations are similar to those seen in adults, suggesting that visual guidance may become more important over the course of development, as infants engage in increasingly higher precision tasks. 相似文献