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91.
92.
Stewart N 《Behavior research methods》2006,38(1):142-145
To measure people’s reaction times to the nearest millisecond, it is necessary to know exactly when a stimulus is displayed.
This article describes how to display stimuli with millisecond accuracy on a normal CRT monitor, using a PC running Linux.
A simple C program is presented to illustrate how this may be done within X Windows using the OpenGL rendering system. A test
of this system is reported that demonstrates that stimuli may be consistently displayed with millisecond accuracy. An algorithm
is presented that allows the exact time of stimulus presentation to be deduced, even if there are relatively large errors
in measuring the display time. 相似文献
93.
Differential developmental trajectories for egocentric, environmental and intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We studied the development of spatial frames of reference in children aged 3-6 years, who retrieved hidden toys from an array of identical containers bordered by landmarks under four conditions. By moving the child and/or the array between presentation and test, we varied the consistency of the hidden toy with (i) the body, and (ii) the testing room. The toy's position always remained consistent with (iii) the array and bordering landmarks. We found separate, additive performance advantages for consistency with body and room. These effects were already present at 3 years. A striking finding was that the room effect, which implies allocentric representations of the room and/or egocentric representations updated by self-motion, was much stronger in the youngest children than the body effect, which implies purely egocentric representations. Children as young as 3 years therefore had, and greatly favoured, spatial representations that were not purely egocentric. Viewpoint-independent recall based only on the array and bordering landmarks emerged at 5 years. There was no evidence that this later-developing ability, which implies object-referenced (intrinsic) representations, depended on verbal encodings. These findings indicate that core components of adult spatial competence, including parallel egocentric and nonegocentric representations of space, are present as early as 3 years. These are supplemented by later-developing object-referenced representations. 相似文献
94.
Manson NC 《Journal of applied philosophy》2006,23(1):1-16
abstract Is genetic information of special ethical significance? Does it require special regulation? There is considerable contemporary debate about this question (the ‘genetic exceptionalism’ debate). ‘Genetic information’ is an ambiguous term and, as an aid to avoiding conflation in the genetic exceptionalism debate, a detailed account is given of just how and why ‘genetic information’ is ambiguous. Whilst ambiguity is a ubiquitous problem of communication, it is suggested that ‘genetic information’ is ambiguous in a particular way, one that gives rise to the problem of ‘significance creep’ (i.e., where claims about the significance of certain kinds of genetic information in one context influence our thinking about the significance of other kinds of genetic information in other contexts). A contextual and contrastive methodology is proposed: evaluating the significance of genetic information requires us to be sensitive to the polysemy of ‘genetic information’ across contexts and then examine the contrast in significance (if any) of genetic, as opposed to nongenetic, information within contexts. This, in turn, suggests that a proper solution to the regulatory question requires us to pay more attention to how and why information, and its acquisition, possession and use, come to be of ethical significance. 相似文献
95.
Reginald?B.?AdamsJr.Email author Nalini?Ambady C.?Neil?Macrae Robert?E.?Kleck 《Motivation and emotion》2006,30(2):177-186
The contention that basic behavioral intentions are forecasted by emotional expressions has received surprisingly little empirical
support. We introduce a behavioral task that gauges the speed with which movement of angry and fearful faces (toward or away
from an expressor's gaze) are accurately detected. In two studies we found that perceivers were faster to correctly detect
approaching anger faces (i.e., faces that moved in the direction of their own gaze). The opposite, however, was not true for
fear expressions. These findings offer evidence that, at least for anger displays, the basic behavioral intent to approach
is strongly transmitted and at very low-levels of processing, even priming congruent behavioral responses in observers. The
null results for fear faces may indicate that these signal a “freezing” response or behavioral inhibition rather than flight
per se. The results of this work are discussed in relation to contemporary theories of emotion. 相似文献
96.
This study used trait activation theory as a theoretical framework to conduct a large-scale test of the interactionist explanation of the convergent and discriminant validity findings obtained in assessment centers. Trait activation theory specifies the conditions in which cross-situationally consistent and inconsistent candidate performances are likely to occur. Results obtained by aggregating correlations across 30 multitrait-multimethod matrices supported the propositions of trait activation theory, shedding a more positive light on the construct validity puzzle in assessment centers. Overall, convergence among assessment center ratings was better between exercises that provided an opportunity to observe behavior related to the same trait, and discrimination among ratings within exercises was generally better for dimensions that were not expressions of the same underlying traits. Implications for assessment center research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
97.
The study investigated relationships between game location, performers' experience, and mood states. 31 experienced collegiate soccer players completed the Brunel Mood Scale to assess anger, calmness, confusion, depression, fatigue, happiness, tension, and vigor before eight competitive games (four home and four away). Participants were categorized into Experienced and Less Experienced groups, based on the level of performance at which they played. Repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance compared mean mood scores across location and experience, and follow-up univariate analyses suggested the increase in mood scores on Tension and decrease in scores on Calmness, Happiness, and Vigor between playing away and at home were significantly greater for Less experienced soccer players than Experienced players. Implications of these findings for the applied practitioner are discussed. 相似文献
98.
Mulligan NW 《Memory (Hove, England)》2006,14(4):502-518
Recall performance sometimes improves over repeated recall attempts, a phenomenon dubbed hypermnesia. A critical theoretical issue is whether hypermnesia is due to repeated testing per se or increased retrieval time. The present experiments investigated by contrasting five testing conditions. All participants were presented with the same study list followed by either two shorter recall tests or a single longer test. In the multiple test conditions, the tests were either separated by a (filled) 7-minute interval (the multiple-split condition), or presented consecutively, with no break (the multiple-immediate condition). In the single test conditions, the test either began at the start of the recall session, after a (filled) 7-minute delay, or with a 7-minute interruption inserted in the middle. The multiple-split condition produced more reminiscence and hypermnesia than the multiple-immediate condition. More importantly, the multiple-split condition produced greater cumulative recall than any of the other conditions (which did not differ among themselves). That is, single and repeated recall tests of equal total duration are not functionally equivalent. 相似文献
99.
The analysis of classroom talk: Methods and methodologies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Neil. Mercer 《The British journal of educational psychology》2010,80(1):1-14
This article describes methods for analysing classroom talk, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are described and assessed for their strengths and weaknesses, with a discussion of the mixed use of such methods. It is acknowledged that particular methods are often embedded in particular methodologies, which are based on specific theories of social action, research paradigms, and disciplines; and so a comparison is made of two contemporary methodologies, linguistic ethnography, and sociocultural research. The article concludes with some comments on the current state of development of this field of research and on ways that it might usefully progress. 相似文献
100.
Using old-new ratings and remember-know judgments we explored the plurals paradigm, in which studied words must be distinguished
from plurality-changed lures. The paradigm allowed us to investigate negative remembering—that is, the remembering of a plural-altered study item; capacity for this judgment was found to be poorer than or equivalent
to the conventional positive remembering. A response-bias manipulation affected positive but not negative remembering. The
ratings were used to construct ROC curves and test the prediction of the most common dual-process theory of recognition memory
(Yonelinas, 2001) that the amount of recollection can be independently estimated from ROC curves and from remember judgments.
By fitting the individual data with pure signal detection theory (SDT) models and dual-process models that combined SDT and
high-threshold components (HTSDT), we identified two types of subjects. For those who were better described by HTSDT, the
predicted convergence of remember-know and ROC measures was observed. For those who were better described by SDT, the ROC
intercept could not predict the remember rate. The data are consistent with the idea that all subjects rely on the same representation
but base their decisions on different partitions of a decision space. 相似文献