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231.
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233.
Neil M. A. Hauenstein Reagan D. Brown Andrea L. Sinclair 《Journal of business and psychology》2010,25(4):663-672
Purpose
A contributing reason for the common problem of missing middle anchors on behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) is the standard deviation (SD) criterion used in scaling phase. An alternative BARS scaling process is proposed based on the a wg(1) index of interrater agreement. 相似文献234.
Eyewitnesses sometimes view more than one lineup during an investigation. We investigated the effects of postidentification feedback following one lineup on responses to a second lineup. Witnesses (N=621) viewed a mock crime and, later, attempted to identify the culprit from an initial (target-absent) lineup and a second (target-present or target-absent) lineup. Prior to viewing the second lineup, some witnesses received accurate feedback stating that the initial lineup did not contain the culprit. A compound-decision, signal detection approach allowed the effects of feedback on identification responses to be described in terms of differences in discriminability and response bias. For witnesses who made an incorrect foil identification from the initial lineup, feedback (vs. no feedback) was associated with poorer discriminability on the second test. For witnesses who correctly rejected the initial lineup, feedback (vs. no feedback) was associated with greater discriminability on the second test. Only witnesses who received feedback after an initial correct rejection performed at a level comparable with a single-lineup control group, suggesting that an initial identification test can impair, but not enhance, performance on a second test involving the same culprit. From a theoretical perspective, the results are consistent with the idea that the way people use memorial information when making memory decisions is flexible. Analyses of preidentification confidence ratings, obtained in a follow-up study (N=133), suggested that the effects of feedback on identification performance may have operated via differences in witnesses' metacognitive beliefs. 相似文献
235.
Neil P. Jones Greg J. Siegle Emilie R. Muelly Agnes Haggerty Frank Ghinassi 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):129-140
Depressed people perform poorly on cognitive tasks. It is unclear whether these deficits are due to decreased devotion of
task-related resources or to increased attention to non-task-related information. In the present study, we examined the degree
to which depressed and healthy adults displayed pupillary motility that varied at the frequency of presented stimuli on a
cognitive task, which we interpreted as task-related processing, and at other frequencies, which we interpreted as reflecting
intrinsic processing. Depressed participants made more consecutive errors than did controls. More pupillary motility at other
frequencies was associated with poorer performance, whereas more pupillary motility at the frequency of presented stimuli
was associated with better performance. Depressed participants had more pupillary motility at other frequencies, which partially
mediated observed deficits in cognitive performance. These findings support the hypothesis that allocating cognitive resources
to intrinsic processing contributes to observed cognitive deficits in depression. 相似文献
236.
The purpose of this study was to move beyond the traditional specificity model of autobiographical memory (ABM) and to examine the content of memories with a focus on disorder and schema-relevant content. The sample (N = 82) included 25 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 24 with social phobia (SP), and 33 with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) who were referred to a large outpatient clinic for group treatment of depression or anxiety. Participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) and Beck Depression Inventory-II as part of the clinical intake process. Responses to the AMT were coded for disorder-specific content based on diagnostic criteria for each disorder as well as for schema-relevant (sociotropy vs. autonomy) content. A repeated measures multiple analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in disorder-specific content, with patients in the MDD group reporting more depressotypic ABMs than those in the PDA group but not the SP group. Similarly, in the analysis of schema-relevant content, significant differences were found between MDD and PDA regarding the presence of autonomy-based ABM ratings. Study results provide partial support for the cognitive specificity hypothesis with ABM content. The results are discussed in relation to the cognitive models of depression and anxiety. 相似文献
237.
Visual information about the location of the hand in space plays a key role in many theories of the development of reaching. Empirical data casts doubt on this assumption, although vision of the hand is clearly used by adults. The current study investigated the role of vision in 15-month-olds' reaching, manipulating both the precision demands of the task and the level of visual information available. Infants reached for both large and small objects, presented with visual feedback of the target and hand (full lighting), or with visual feedback of only the target object (glowing object in the dark). In contrast to findings with younger infants, 15-month-olds' reaches were sensitive to changes in precision demands and visual feedback, reflecting corrective movements that become necessary as reaching tasks become more challenging. Furthermore, these kinematic alterations are similar to those seen in adults, suggesting that visual guidance may become more important over the course of development, as infants engage in increasingly higher precision tasks. 相似文献
238.
Levy DL Bowman EA Abel L Krastoshevsky O Krause V Mendell NR 《Brain and cognition》2008,68(3):462-475
The “co-familiality” criterion for an endophenotype has two requirements: (1) clinically unaffected relatives as a group should show both a shift in mean performance and an increase in variance compared with controls; (2) performance scores should be heritable. Performance on the antisaccade task is one of several candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. In this paper we examine whether the various measures of performance on the standard version of the antisaccade task meet the co-familiality criterion for an endophenotype. The three measures of performance—reflexive saccade errors, latency of correct antisaccades, and gain—show a wide range of effect sizes and variance ratios as well as evidence of significant or near significant heterogeneity. The estimated mean effect sizes [Cohen’s d: error rate: 0.34 (SD: 0.29); latency: 0.33 (SD: 0.30); gain: 0.54 (SD: 0.38)] are significantly greater than 0, but the magnitude of the departures from 0 is relatively small, corresponding to modest effect sizes. The width of the 95% confidence intervals for the estimated effect sizes (error rate: 0.2–0.49; latency: 0.17–0.50; gain: 0.23–0.85) and the coefficients of variation in effect sizes (error rate: 85.3%; latency: 90.9%; gain: 68.4%) reflect heterogeneity in effect sizes. The effect sizes for error rate showed statistically significant heterogeneity and those for latency (P = .07) and gain (P = .09) showed a trend toward heterogeneity. These results indicate that the effect sizes are not consistent with a single mean and that the average effect size may be a biased estimate of the magnitude of differences in performance between relatives of schizophrenics and controls. Relatives of schizophrenics show a small but significant increase in variance in error rate, but the confidence interval is broad, perhaps reflecting the heterogeneity in effect size. The variance ratios for latency and gain did not differ in relatives of schizophrenics and controls. Performance, as measured by error rate, is moderately heritable. The data do not provide compelling support for a consistent shift in mean or variance in relatives of schizophrenia patients compared with nonpsychiatric controls, both of which are required for a major gene involved in co-familial transmission. This set of findings suggests that although intra-familial resemblance in antisaccade performance is due in part to genetic factors, it may not be related to a schizophrenia genotype. Based on the current literature, it would be premature to conclude that any of the measures of antisaccade performance unambiguously meets the co-familiality criterion for an endophenotype. 相似文献
239.
John Neil Martin 《Synthese》2008,165(1):31-51
Though acknowledged by scholars, Plato’s identification of the Beautiful and the Good has generated little interest, even
in aesthetics where the moral concepts are a current topic. The view is suspect because, e.g., it is easy to find examples
of ugly saints and beautiful sinners. In this paper the thesis is defended using ideas from Plato’s ancient commentators,
the Neoplatonists. Most interesting is Proclus, who applied to value theory a battery of linguistic tools with fixed semantic
properties—comparative adjectives, associated gradable adjectives, mass nouns, and predicate negations—all with a semantics
that demand a privative scale of value. It is shown how it is perfectly possible to interpret value terms Platonically over
privative Boolean algebras so that beautifuland good diverge while at higher levels other value terms are coextensional. Considerations are offered that this structure conforms
to actual usage. 相似文献
240.
Overconcern with weight and shape and body dissatisfaction have both emerged as significant predictors of disordered eating. However, it is unclear how these constructs relate to each other, and if each has different antecedents and consequences. This study aimed to identify prospective predictors of each construct and to determine their relative importance in predicting dietary restraint and binge eating. Eight- to 13-year-old boys and girls (N = 259) were assessed at baseline and one-year follow-up, using a range of measures that included the Child Eating Disorder Examination. Psychosocial variables predicted overconcern with weight and shape whilst objective weight predicted body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction and weight and shape concern predicted restraint, and weight and shape concern and restraint predicted binge eating. Findings provide support for the theoretical differences between body dissatisfaction and overconcern with weight and shape, and highlight the importance of focusing on specific body image variables. 相似文献