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71.
Neil Campbell 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(1):137-145
Yujin Nagasawa has recently defended Frank Jackson’s knowledge argument from the “inconsistency objection.” The objection
claims that the premises of the knowledge argument are inconsistent with qualia epiphenomenalism. Nagasawa defends Jackson
by showing that the objection mistakenly assumes a causal theory of phenomenal knowledge. I argue that although this defense
might succeed against two versions of the inconsistency objection, mine is unaffected by Nagasawa’s argument, in which case
the inconsistency in the knowledge argument remains. 相似文献
72.
According to the moral licensing literature, moral self-perceptions induce compensatory behavior: People who feel moral act less prosocially than those who feel immoral. Conversely, work on moral identity indicates that moral self-perceptions motivate behavioral consistency: People who feel moral act more prosocially than those who feel less so. In three studies, the authors reconcile these propositions by demonstrating the moderating role of conceptual abstraction. In Study 1, participants who recalled performing recent (concrete) moral or immoral behavior demonstrated compensatory behavior, whereas participants who considered temporally distant (abstract) moral behavior demonstrated behavioral consistency. Study 2 confirmed that this effect was unique to moral self-perceptions. Study 3 manipulated whether participants recalled moral or immoral actions concretely or abstractly, and replicated the moderation pattern with willingness to donate real money to charity. Together, these findings suggest that concrete moral self-perceptions activate self-regulatory behavior, and abstract moral self-perceptions activate identity concerns. 相似文献
73.
Lucian Gideon Conway III Laura Janelle Gornick Chelsea Burfeind Paul Mandella Andrea Kuenzli Shannon C. Houck Deven Theresa Fullerton 《Political psychology》2012,33(5):599-618
Research suggests that the integrative complexity of political rhetoric tends to drop during election season, but little research to date directly addresses if this drop in complexity serves to increase or decrease electoral success. The two present studies help fill this gap. Study 1 demonstrates that, during the Democratic Party primary debates in 2003–2004, the eventual winners of the party nomination showed a steeper drop in integrative complexity as the election season progressed than nonwinning candidates. Study 2 presents laboratory evidence from the most recent presidential campaign demonstrating that, while the complexity of Obama's rhetoric had little impact on college students' subsequent intentions to vote for him, the complexity of McCain's rhetoric was significantly positively correlated with their likelihood of voting for him. Taken together, this research is inconsistent with an unqualified simple is effective view of the complexity‐success relationship. Rather, it is more consistent with a compensatory view: Effective use of complexity (or simplicity) may compensate for perceived weaknesses. Thus, appropriately timed shifts in complexity levels, and/or violations of negative expectations relevant to complexity, may be an effective means of winning elections. Surprisingly, mere simplicity as such seems largely ineffective. 相似文献
74.
75.
Robert P. Tett Kurt A. Freund Neil D. Christiansen Kevin E. Fox John Coaster 《Personality and individual differences》2012,52(2):195-201
We assessed the combined effects of cognitive ability, opportunity to fake, and trait job-relevance on faking self-report emotional intelligence and personality tests by having 150 undergraduates complete such tests honestly and then so as to appear ideal for one of three jobs: nurse practitioner, marketing manager, and computer programmer. Faking, as expected, was greater (a) in higher-g participants, (b) in those scoring lower under honest conditions (with greater opportunity to fake), and (c) on job-relevant traits. Predicted interactions accounted for additional unique variance in faking. Combining all three factors yielded a “perfect storm” standardized difference of around 2, more than double the overall .83 estimate. Implications for the study of faking are discussed. 相似文献
76.
There is a need to improve methods used to assess students’ clinical skills in postgraduate clinical psychology training, but research into the use of new competency‐based assessments are sparse. The current study examines the potential application of the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to clinical psychology training. Commonly used in medical training, the OSCE requires students to demonstrate clinical skills across a number of standardised stations with trained actors playing the part of patients. A pilot OSCE was conducted with nine students from a psychology doctoral program. Participants completed a brief student feedback questionnaire and attended a focus group after the OSCE. They also completed the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after the OSCE. The results showed that students viewed the OSCE as a valid, realistic, and fair assessment method. They reported high levels of anxiety during the OSCE but noted that the OSCE was a positive learning experience. These results suggest that OSCEs should be considered in clinical psychology training programs for the assessment of clinical competence. Further evaluations of the validity and reliability of the clinical psychology OSCE using a larger sample size are required. Other limitations and implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
77.
Witnessing emotional events such as arousal or pain may impair ongoing cognitive processes such as inhibitory control. We found that this may be true only half of the time. Erotic images and painful video clips were shown to men and women shortly before a stop signal task, which measures cognitive inhibitory control. These stimuli impaired inhibitory control only in men and not in women, suggesting that emotional stimuli may be processed with different weights depending on gender. 相似文献
78.
Three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of phonological similarity in simple and complex memory span tasks.
In Experiment 1, participants performed either a simple or a complex span task, and the memoranda within lists were either phonologically
similar or distinct. Phonologically similar lists consisted of words that rhymed.The simple span task was word span. There
were two complex span tasks; one was the original reading span task, and the other was a variant of reading span in which
all the sentences within a list were contextually related. The classic phonological similarity decrement was observed in word
span. In contrast, phonological similarity facilitation was observed in both versions of reading span. This facilitation effect
was further investigated in Experiment 2 using two new versions of reading span. In Experiment 2, the sentences in reading span were either short or long, and the memoranda were presented separately from, and were unrelated
to, the sentences. Again, words within phonologically similar lists rhymed, and again, facilitation was observed. In Experiment
3, phonological similarity was operationalized in terms of feature overlap, rather than rhyme. The classic phonological similarity
decrement was still observed in word span, but facilitation was not observed in complex span. The results suggest that phonological
similarity, when operationalized using words that rhyme, serves as a list retrieval cue and that complex span tasks are more
dependent on cue-driven memory retrieval mechanisms than are simple span tasks. 相似文献
79.
Childhood Social Withdrawal,Interpersonal Impairment,and Young Adult Depression: A Mediational Model
Katz SJ Conway CC Hammen CL Brennan PA Najman JM 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(8):1227-1238
Building on interpersonal theories of depression, the current study sought to explore whether early childhood social withdrawal
serves as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and diagnoses in young adulthood. The researchers hypothesized that social
impairment at age 15 would mediate the association between social withdrawal at age 5 and depression by age 20. This mediational
model was tested in a community sample of 702 Australian youth followed from mother’s pregnancy to youth age 20. Structural
equation modeling analyses found support for a model in which childhood social withdrawal predicted adolescent social impairment,
which, in turn, predicted depression in young adulthood. Additionally, gender was found to moderate the relationship between
adolescent social impairment and depression in early adulthood, with females exhibiting a stronger association between social
functioning and depression at the symptom and diagnostic level. This study illuminates one potential pathway from early developing
social difficulties to later depressive symptoms and disorders. 相似文献
80.
Brooke L. Levenseller Danielle J. Soucier Victoria A. Miller Diana Harris Laura Conway Barbara A. Bernhardt 《Journal of genetic counseling》2014,23(4):552-565
Advances in whole genome and whole exome sequencing (WGS/WES) technologies have led to increased availability in clinical settings. Currently, there are few guidelines relating to the process and content of informed consent for WGS/WES, nor to which results should be returned to families. To address this gap, we conducted focus groups to assess the views of professionals, parents, and adolescents for the future implementation of WES. The discussions assessed understanding of the risks and benefits of WES, preferences for the informed consent discussion, process for return of results, and the decision-making role of the pediatric patient. Professional focus group participants included bioethicists, physicians, laboratory directors, and genetic counselors. Parent focus groups included individuals with children who could be offered sequencing due to a potential genetic cause of the child’s condition. On-line discussion groups were conducted with adolescents aged 13–17 who had a possible genetic disorder. We identified discrepancies between professionals and patient groups regarding the process and content of informed consent, preference for return of results, and the role of the child in decision-making. Professional groups were concerned with the uncertainty regarding professional obligations, changing interpretation in genomic medicine, and practical concerns of returning results over time. Parent and adolescent groups focused on patient choice and personal utility of sequencing results. Each group expressed different views on the role of the child in decision-making and return of results. These discrepancies represent potential barriers to informed consent and a challenge for genetic counselors regarding the involvement of pediatric patients in decision-making and return of results discussions. 相似文献