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941.
This study examined gender differences in a large-scale assessment center for officer entry in the British Army. Subgroup differences were investigated for a sample of 1,857 candidates: 1,594 men and 263 women. A construct-driven approach was chosen (a) by examining gender differences at the construct level, (b) by formulating a priori hypotheses about which constructs would be susceptible to gender effects, and (c) by using both effect size statistics and latent mean analyses to investigate gender differences in assessment center ratings. Results showed that female candidates were rated notably higher on constructs reflecting an interpersonally oriented leadership style (i.e., oral communication and interaction) and on drive and determination. These results are discussed in light of role congruity theory and of the advantages of using latent mean analyses. 相似文献
942.
Signal detection theory offers several indexes of sensitivity (d', Az, and A') that are appropriate for two-choice discrimination when data consist of one hit rate and one false alarm rate per condition. These measures require simplifying assumptions about how target and lure evidence is distributed. We examine three statistical properties of these indexes: accuracy (good agreement between the parameter and the sampling distribution mean), precision (small variance of the sampling distribution), and robustness (small influence of violated assumptions on accuracy). We draw several conclusions from the results. First, a variety of parameters (sample size, degree of discriminability, and magnitude of hits and false alarms) influence statistical bias in these indexes. Comparing conditions that differ in these parameters entails discrepancies that can be reduced by increasing N. Second, unequal variance of the evidence distributions produces significant bias that cannot be reduced by increasing N-a serious drawback to the use of these sensitivity indexes when variance is unknown. Finally, their relative statistical performances suggest that Az is preferable to A'. 相似文献
943.
944.
Stuart?R.?Lipsitz Michael?Parzen Garrett?M.?FitzmauriceEmail author Neil?Klar 《Psychometrika》2003,68(2):289-298
Studies of agreement commonly occur in psychiatric research. For example, researchers are often interested in the agreement among radiologists in their review of brain scans of elderly patients with dementia or in the agreement among multiple informant reports of psychopathology in children. In this paper, we consider the agreement between two raters when rating a dichotomous outcome (e.g., presence or absence of psychopathology). In particular, we consider logistic regression models that allow agreement to depend on both rater- and subject-level covariates. Logistic regression has been proposed as a simple method for identifying covariates that are predictive of agreement (Coughlin et al., 1992). However, this approach is problematic since it does not take account of agreement due to chance alone. As a result, a spurious association between the probability (or odds) of agreement and a covariate could arise due entirely to chance agreement. That is, if the prevalence of the dichotomous outcome varies among subgroups of the population, then covariates that identify the subgroups may appear to be predictive of agreement. In this paper we propose a modification to the standard logistic regression model in order to take proper account of chance agreement. An attractive feature of the proposed method is that it can be easily implemented using existing statistical software for logistic regression. The proposed method is motivated by data from the Connecticut Child Study (Zahner et al., 1992) on the agreement among parent and teacher reports of psychopathology in children. In this study, parents and teachers provide dichotomous assessments of a child's psychopathology and it is of interest to examine whether agreement among the parent and teacher reports is related to the age and gender of the child and to the time elapsed between parent and teacher assessments of the child.The authors thank the Associate Editor and the referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. We also thank Gwen Zahner for use of data from the Connecticut Child Study, which was conducted under contract to the Connecticut Department of Children and Youth Services. This research was supported by grants HL 69800, AHRQ 10871, HL52329, HL61769, GM 29745, MH 54693 and MH 17119 from the National Institutes of Health. 相似文献
945.
Discriminating accurate from mistaken eyewitness identifications is a major issue facing criminal justice systems. This study examined whether eyewitness confidence assists such decisions under a variety of conditions using a confidence-accuracy (CA) calibration approach. Participants (N = 1,200) viewed a simulated crime and attempted 2 separate identifications from 8-person target-present or target-absent lineups. Confidence and accuracy were calibrated for choosers (but not nonchoosers) for both targets under all conditions. Lower overconfidence was associated with higher diagnosticity, lower target-absent base rates, and shorter identification latencies. Although researchers agree that courtroom expressions of confidence are uninformative, our findings indicate that confidence assessments obtained immediately after a positive identification can provide a useful guide for investigators about the likely accuracy of an identification. 相似文献
946.
Neil?HarringtonEmail author 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2005,23(1):1-20
Frustration intolerance beliefs are central to the theory and practice of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. However, there
has been little investigation of the content of these beliefs, and empirical evidence linking specific beliefs to distinct
psychological problems is sparse. To redress this, the Frustration–Discomfort Scale has been developed as a multidimensional
measure. This was used to explore the relationship between the four dimensions of frustration intolerance (emotional intolerance,
demands for entitlement, comfort, and achievement) and problems of self-control. Results indicated that the Frustration–Discomfort
sub-scales showed differential relationships with self-control problems, independent of self-worth beliefs. This supported
the validity and usefulness of the scale and the importance of distinguishing between dimensions of frustration intolerance.
This paper is based on research submitted to the University of Edinburgh in part fulfillment of a Doctorate of Philosophy
degree.
Address correspondence to Neil Harrington, Psychology Department, Stratheden Hospital, Cupar, Fife, KY15 5RR, UK; e-mail:
neil@nharr.freeserve.co.uk. 相似文献
947.
Field EF Martens DJ Watson NV Pellis SM 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2005,119(2):238-245
Previous research has shown that sex differences exist in the composition of lateral movements (E. F. Field, I. Q. Whishaw, & S. M. Pellis, 1996, 1997a, 1997b; see also records 1996-06132-009, 1997-05322-015, and 1997-04722-005). An unresolved question is whether sex differences are present in other movements, such as rotation around the longitudinal axis, and whether this difference is dependent on a feminine or masculine skeletomusculature. Female rats (Rattus norvegicus) first rotate their forequarters and then their hindquarters in the same direction. Male rats exhibit rotation of the hindquarters counter to the direction of forequarter rotation. Males with the testicular feminized mutation, who have a feminized skeletomusculature and masculinized central nervous system, are similar to male controls. This study provides evidence that sex differences in movement integration are not restricted to the lateral plane, are not solely due to sex differences in skeletomusculature, and thus are likely mediated by the central nervous system. 相似文献
948.
Matthew?J.?SharpsEmail author Amy?Boothby?Villegas Justin?Matthews 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2005,24(2):102-112
Although previous research has shown the importance of feature-intensive processing of relevant information in the staving
off of addictive behaviors, the present study examined the possibility that a more global, gestalt rejection of cigarette
smoking may be operating to reduce smoking behavior. The present study addressed this possibility through the use of a decision
efficacy rating procedure, in which smoking and nonsmoking respondents were asked to determine whether an individual was justified
in smoking in a variety of given situations. Nonsmokers tended to reject smoking under any circumstances, whereas smokers
tended to entertain mitigating circumstances more favorably in justifying smoking, especially when smoking could be construed
as providing some perceived positive gains in serious situations. Results are discussed in terms of the gestalt/feature-intensive
processing theory of cognition, and in terms of the importance of cognitive approaches to the understanding of addictive behaviors. 相似文献
949.
Varnhagen CK Gushta M Daniels J Peters TC Parmar N Law D Hirsch R Takach BS Johnson T 《Ethics & behavior》2005,15(1):37-48
We examined participants' reading and recall of informed consent documents presented via paper or computer. Within each presentation medium, we presented the document as a continuous or paginated document to simulate common computer and paper presentation formats. Participants took slightly longer to read paginated and computer informed consent documents and recalled slightly more information from the paginated documents. We concluded that obtaining informed consent online is not substantially different than obtaining it via paper presentation. We also provide suggestions for improving informed consent--in both face-to-face and online experiments. 相似文献
950.
ABSTRACT Should surgeons be permitted to amputate healthy limbs if patients request such operations? We argue that if such patients are experiencing significant distress as a consequence of the rare psychological disorder named Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), such operations might be permissible. We examine rival accounts of the origins of the desire for healthy limb amputations and argue that none are as plausible as the BIID hypothesis. We then turn to the moral arguments against such operations, and argue that on the evidence available, none is compelling. BIID sufferers meet reasonable standards for rationality and autonomy: so as long as no other effective treatment for their disorder is available, surgeons ought to be allowed to accede to their requests. 相似文献