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921.
Oliver C. Mudford Neil T. Martin Jasmine K. Y. Hui Sarah Ann Taylor 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(3):527-539
The three algorithms most frequently selected by behavior‐analytic researchers to compute interobserver agreement with continuous recording were used to assess the accuracy of data recorded from video samples on handheld computers by 12 observers. Rate and duration of responding were recorded for three samples each. Data files were compared with criterion records to determine observer accuracy. Block‐by‐block and exact agreement algorithms were susceptible to inflated agreement and accuracy estimates at lower rates and durations. The exact agreement method appeared to be overly stringent for recording responding at higher rates (23.5 responses per minute) and for higher relative duration (72% of session). Time‐window analysis appeared to inflate accuracy assessment at relatively high but not at low response rate and duration (4.8 responses per minute and 8% of session, respectively). 相似文献
922.
Neil Feit 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2009,47(3):239-262
I defend a cluster of views about names from fiction and myth. The views are based on two claims: first, proper names refer directly to their bearers; and second, names from fiction and myth are genuinely empty, they simply do not refer. I argue that when such names are used in direct discourse, utterances containing them have truth values but do not express propositions. I also argue that it is a mistake to think that if an utterance of, for example, “Vulcan is a planet” fails to express a proposition, then an utterance of “Le Verrier believed that Vulcan is a planet” cannot express a proposition. The argument applies to claims about fiction, such as “Sherlock Holmes is strong,” and claims about the attitudes of authors and auditors. The upshot is a semantics for fictional statements that provides a satisfying way for direct reference theorists to avoid taking fictional entities to be abstract objects and to accept the commonsense view that what is true in a fiction is ultimately a matter of what is pretended to be the case. 相似文献
923.
Stian Reimers Elizabeth A. Maylor Neil Stewart Nick Chater 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):973-978
There has been discussion over the extent to which delay discounting – as prototypically shown by a preference for a smaller-sooner sum of money over a larger-later sum – measures the same kind of impulsive preferences that drive non-financial behavior. To address this issue, a dataset was analyzed containing 42,863 participants’ responses to a single delay-discounting choice, along with self-report behaviors that can be considered as impulsive. Choice of a smaller-sooner sum was associated with several demographics: younger age, lower income, and lower education; and impulsive behaviors: earlier age of first sexual activity and recent relationship infidelity, smoking, and higher body mass index. These findings suggest that at least an aspect of delay discounting preference is associated with a general trait influencing other forms of impulsivity, and therefore that high delay discounting is another form of impulsive behavior. 相似文献
924.
925.
Murphy FC Wilde G Ogden N Barnard PJ Calder AJ 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(1):41-49
A long-standing theoretical debate concerns the involvement of principled reasoning versus relatively automatic intuitive-emotional processing in moral cognition. To address this, we investigated whether the mental models formed during story comprehension contain a moral dimension and whether this process is affected by cognitive load. A total of 72 participants read stories about fictional characters in a range of moral situations, such as a husband being tempted to commit adultery. Each story concluded with a "moral" or "immoral" target sentence. Consistent with a framework of efficient extraction of moral information, participants took significantly longer to read immoral than moral target sentences. Moreover, the magnitude of this effect was not compromised by cognitive load. Our findings provide evidence of efficient coding of moral dimensions during narrative comprehension and demonstrate that this process does not require cognitively intense forms of principled reasoning. 相似文献
926.
Jennifer O’Neil Melvin N. Wilson Daniel S. Shaw Thomas J. Dishion 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(6):643-652
We examined the relationship between parental efficacy and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample of low income mothers.
The sample consisted of 607 European American, African American, and Hispanic mothers who participated in The Early Steps
Project, a multi-site, longitudinal, preventative intervention study. Parental efficacy was found to be significantly associated
with depressive symptoms in the entire sample of low income mothers. Ethnicity moderated results, however, such that parental
efficacy was significantly associated with depressive symptoms for European American mothers but was not for the African American
and Hispanic mothers. Ethnic differences in the various categories of depressive symptoms (i.e., total, somatic, and psychological)
were also explored, with the results showing that African American mothers reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than
both European American and Hispanic mothers in each of the categories. The theoretical and clinical implications of these
results are discussed. 相似文献
927.
Recent interest in university teaching has focused on interactivity in lectures and practical classes, and teachers in several
fields have set up systems in which students can interact with the lecturer using mobile-phonebased SMS text messaging. This
approach has particular potential in psychology, where students could use SMS messaging as a way of responding in simple psychology
experiments or demonstrations. We describe a simple architecture for an SMS-based responding, using an SMS-to-HTTP message
relay service, and a PHP/MySQL input-output handler. We describe briefly two experiments we have run using the system. The
first experiment examined anchoring effects in an SMS-based auction. The second experiment examined delay discounting, with
participants indicating their intertemporal preferences using SMS. Finally, we evaluate the feedback we obtained from students
about the practical and conceptual issues surrounding text-message-based responding. 相似文献
928.
Social support and prognosis in patients at increased psychosocial risk recovering from myocardial infarction. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Heather S Lett James A Blumenthal Michael A Babyak Diane J Catellier Robert M Carney Lisa F Berkman Matthew M Burg Pamela Mitchell Allan S Jaffe Neil Schneiderman 《Health psychology》2007,26(4):418-427
OBJECTIVE: To compare the impact of network support and different types of perceived functional support on all-cause mortality or nonfatal reinfarction for patients with a recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DESIGN: Participants were recruited from the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) trial; 2,481 AMI patients with depression or low social support were randomized to a cognitive-behavioral intervention or to a usual care control group. Data collection for certain measures of social support was limited: 2,466 participants completed the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory; 2,457 completed the Perceived Social Support Scale; 1,296 completed the Social Network Questionnaire; and 707 completed the Interpersonal Support and Evaluation List, Tangible Support subscale. Patients also completed the Beck Depression Inventory and were followed for up to 4.5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Time to death or nonfatal reinfarction. RESULTS: Over the follow-up period, 599 patients (24%) died or had a nonfatal AMI. Survival models controlling age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, antidepressant use, and a composite measure of increased risk revealed that higher levels of perceived social support were associated with improved outcome for patients without elevated depression but not for patients with high levels of depression. Neither perceived tangible support nor network support were associated with more frequent adverse events. CONCLUSION: AMI patients should be assessed for multiple dimensions of perceived functional support and depression to identify those at increased psychosocial risk who may benefit from treatment. 相似文献
929.
Neil Selwyn 《Sex roles》2007,56(7-8):525-536
Although it was widely noted by researchers during the 1980s and 1990s that gender role orientation and gendered stereotyping
exert a considerable influence on people’s engagement with technologies, there is little evidence of the influence of such
gendered influences on contemporary technology users. The present study is based on a survey of 406 undergraduate students
aged between 18 and 39 years conducted to examine whether different aspects of information and communication technology (ICT)
use continue to be seen in particularly gendered terms by young adults and what reasons could be identified for any gender
stereotyping. Analysis of the survey data show how issues of masculinity and femininity continue to be an important-if perhaps
more subtle-influence on how young people perceive ICTs in contemporary society. In all, the findings confirm the continuing
persistence of gender stereotypes as a frame of reference for ICTs. 相似文献
930.
Becoming a parent is a major developmental transition of adulthood. Individuals often have optimistic expectations about parenthood, yet this transition also presents a number of challenges. The authors investigated whether new parents have overly optimistic expectations about parenthood and, if they do, how this influences their adjustment to this role. The sample consisted of 71 first-time mothers who completed questionnaires during pregnancy and at 4 months postpartum. The study assessed women's expectations of caring for their infant and the influence parenthood would have on their well-being and their relationships with others. Most women's expectations were matched or exceeded by their parenting experiences. However, where experiences were negative relative to expectations, there was greater depression symptomatology and poorer relationship adjustment. 相似文献