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81.
This review summarizes the major discussion points of a symposium on stress modulation of cognitive and affective processes, which was held during the 2010 workshop on the neurobiology of stress (Boulder, CO, USA). The four discussants addressed a number of specific cognitive and affective factors that are modulated by exposure to acute or repeated stress. Dr David Morilak discussed the effects of various repeated stress situations on cognitive flexibility, as assessed with a rodent model of attentional set-shifting task, and how performance on slightly different aspects of this test is modulated by different prefrontal regions through monoaminergic neurotransmission. Dr Serge Campeau summarized the findings of several studies exploring a number of factors and brain regions that regulate habituation of various autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to repeated audiogenic stress exposures. Dr Kerry Ressler discussed a body of work exploring the modulation and extinction of fear memories in rodents and humans, especially focusing on the role of key neurotransmitter systems including excitatory amino acids and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Dr Israel Liberzon presented recent results on human decision-making processes in response to exogenous glucocorticoid hormone administration. Overall, these discussions are casting a wider framework on the cognitive/affective processes that are distinctly regulated by the experience of stress and some of the brain regions and neurotransmitter systems associated with these effects. 相似文献
82.
We proposed that expressing gratitude would increase positive perception of a relationship partner, thereby increasing comfort in expressing relationship concerns, which is a form of relationship maintenance. Study 1 (n = 159) showed a relationship between naturally occurring expressions of gratitude and comfort in voicing relationship concerns. Study 2 (n = 178) provided longitudinal evidence for direction of effects because Time 1 gratitude expression predicted Time 2 comfort in voicing relationship concerns, controlling for baseline comfort in voicing relationship concerns. Study 3 (n = 225) showed that expressing gratitude to a friend did increase voicing relationship concerns, compared with positive thought and neutral control conditions. In Study 4 (n = 74), we explored the mechanism through a longitudinal, experimental design and found that participants assigned to express gratitude reported higher comfort voicing concerns and more positive perception of partner than did control participants. Moreover, positive perception of partner mediated the relationship between condition and comfort in voicing relationship concerns. 相似文献
83.
On the origin and preservation of cumulative record in its struggle for life as a favored term 下载免费PDF全文
This paper offers a case study of the origins, emergence, and evolution of the term cumulative record as the name for the means by which B. F. Skinner brought his behavior under the control of his subject matter. Our methods included on-line searches, reviews of Skinner's publications, and journal codings and counts. The results reveal that the term is not originally attributable to Skinner, but emerged earlier in ordinary language and in another discipline--education. It was not even original to Skinner in print in his own science. Still, the term was once original to him, which we address with additional analyses of his having originated and advanced it. We conclude with a discussion the constraints of our methods, suggestions for future research, and the variable appreciation of technology and terminology in science studies. 相似文献
84.
Trait forgivingness is the disposition to forgive interpersonal transgressions over time and across situations. We define forgiveness as the replacement of negative unforgiving emotions with positive, other-oriented emotions. Rumination has been suggested as a mediator between forgivingness and emotional outcomes; however, we suggest that different content of rumination leads to different outcomes after transgressions. In four studies of 179, 233, 80, and 66 undergraduate students, trait forgivingness was negatively correlated with trait anger, hostility, neuroticism, fear, and vengeful rumination and was positively correlated with agreeableness, extraversion, and trait empathy. The disposition to ruminate vengefully mediated the relationship between trait forgivingness and (1) anger-related traits and (2) both revenge motivations and state anger following a specific recent transgression, but it did not mediate between forgivingness and (1) fearfulness and (2) avoidance motivations following a specific transgression. Self-hate statements, a proxy for depressive rumination, mediated the relationship between forgivingness and both depression and fearfulness but not the relationship between forgivingness and trait anger. Future research should distinguish the contents of mental rumination following interpersonal transgressions. 相似文献
85.
86.
Brain-imaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have rapidly increased in recent years. Structural studies have identified potential smaller volumes of the hippocampus of traumatized and/or PTSD subjects. Functional activation studies have implicated hyperactive or altered functioning of brain regions, such as the amygdala and the insula, and a failure to engage emotional regulatory structures, such as the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. Recent neurochemical investigations have suggested that neuromodulatory systems (eg, gamma-aminobutyric acid, micro-opioid) may underlie these aberrant brain activation patterns. This article reviews the literature on structural, functional, and neurochemical brain-imaging studies of PTSD. 相似文献
87.
This study explored relationships between “highly probable” neuropathology in the limbic system (as gauged by clinically elevated
scores on the Limbic System Check-list-33, or LSCL-33, a screening index for limbic system dysfunction developed by medical
researchers at Harvard and Dartmouth) and inventoried psychopathology (as gauged through scores on the MMPI) among a group
of adjudicated pedophiles incarcerated for treatment in a specialized prison for criminal sexual psychopaths in a mid-Atlantic
state. Principal findings: Only 33 percent of this sample of incarcerated pedophiles exhibits scores on the LSCL-33 at a level high enough to warrant
a medical conclusion of “probable” limbic system dysfunction. When scores on the MMPI are grouped according to critical values
for clinically relevant scores on the LSCL-33, significant F ratios in one-way analyses of variance are observed on L, F,
K, Hs, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma. Mean T scores for “probable” dysfunctionals simultaneously reach elevations at or above
the threshold of clinical significance for Pd, Pa, and Sc. On that basis, the categorization psychopathic paranoid schizophrenia readily applies to limbic system dysfunctional child sexual abusers studied in this inquiry, but not to their nondysfunctional
counterparts. But significant F ratios are observed neither for the age of the victim(s) in the instant offense(s), for the
number of prior arrests for sex offenses, for the number of prior arrests for any and all felony offenses, including sex offenses,
nor for the offender's current age. However, a stepwise multiple regression between gross number of prior arrests for any
and all offenses (including sex offenses) as the most robust of the indices of past criminal activity and both LSCL-33 and
MMPI scores across all offenders represented in this inquiry (i.e., the limbic system dysfunctional, the nondysfunctional,
and a mid-range group) proceeds to four steps, achieving a multiple R of .575 and encompassing Pd, Mf, Pa, and LSCL-33 scores
as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set. Stepwise multiple regression analyses of past arrest record computed independently
for limbic system dysfunctionals and nondysfunctionals progresses among dysfunctionals to seven steps, achieving a multiple
R of .867 and encompassing Pd, Hy, Ma, Mf, Si, Pa, and Sc scores as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set; and among
nondysfunctionals, to six steps, achieving a multiple R of .797 and encompassing Mf, D, Pt, Hy, Pa, and over-controlled hostility
scores as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set. The latter results are interpreted as suggesting that neuropathology
and psychopathology interact with and potentiate each other in post-dicting criminal behavior among the pedophiles studied
in this inquiry.
This study was supported in part by the Fund for Correctional and Forensic Psychology, Rutgers University Foundation. The
investigators express deep appreciation to Charles Albino for assis-tance in data collection. 相似文献
88.
Nathaniel J. Pallone James J. Hennessy 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1998,17(2-3):197-209
On the basis largely of interview data, this article outlines a working model for a process psychology paradigm for the heroic rescue fantasy and contrasts a prototypi-cal sequence therefore with corresponding sequences in antisocial, asocial, and prosocial risk-taking. It proposes that the heroic rescue fantasy emerges from the interplay between (a) neurologic anomaly affecting realistic assessment of costs, risks, and benefits associated with behavior of various sorts, (b) perpetuating as impulsivity expressed as persistent underestimation of costs and risks and perhaps supported by a condition of alexithymia or verbal deficit in cognitive functioning, interacting with (c) a persistent need for self-aggrandizement likely born of psychosocial developmental experiences, leading to (d) sensitization to interpersonal environments that provide role models for and positively reinforce prosocial risk-taking behavior, yielding to (e) the manipulative creation of an opportunity to behave in such fashion as to engender risk to others and to the self, and eventuating (f) in the enactment of a heroic rescue that prevents harm to others and thus elicits praise, admiration, adulation, and possibly formal reward. The conjunction between impulsivity expressing itself in the underesti-mation of costs (neurogenic or not) and need for self-aggrandizement is proposed as necessary in the heroic rescue fantasy, the manipulative creation of an opportunity to behave that engenders risk to others and to the self is proposed as the defining behavior, and a rescue that prevents harm to others is proposed as the defining crite-rion. 相似文献
89.
Different Training Procedures Recruit Either One or Two Critical Periods for Contextual Memory Consolidation, Each of Which Requires Protein Synthesis and PKA 总被引:16,自引:5,他引:11 下载免费PDF全文
Roussoudan Bourtchouladze Ted Abel Nathaniel Berman Rachael Gordon Kyle Lapidus Eric R. Kandel 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》1998,5(4):365-374
We have used a combined genetic and pharmacological approach to define the time course of the requirement for protein kinase A (PKA) and protein synthesis in long-term memory for contextual fear conditioning in mice. The time course of amnesia in transgenic mice that express R(AB) and have genetically reduced PKA activity in the hippocampus parallels that observed both in mice treated with inhibitors of PKA and mice treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis. This PKA- and protein synthesis-dependent memory develops between 1 hr and 3 hr after training. By injecting the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin or the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPs at various times after training, we find that depending on the nature of training, contextual memory has either one or two brief consolidation periods requiring synthesis of new proteins, and each of these also requires PKA. Weak training shows two time periods of sensitivity to inhibitors of protein synthesis and PKA, whereas stronger training exhibits only one. These studies underscore the parallel dependence of long-term contextual memory on protein synthesis and PKA and suggest that different training protocols may recruit a common signaling pathway in distinct ways. 相似文献
90.
During 1505–1506, Martin Luther, then vacillating about a “call” to the religious life and/or the priesthood, underwent spiritual
revelations during thunderstorms. This paper proposes that, in addition to theological and psychopathological interpretations,
a neurochemical interpretation suggests itself, since severe thunderstorms trigger the rapid release of nitrogen into the
atmosphere, producing in some people a condition termed “nitrogen narcosis,” clinically akin to acute alcoholic intoxication. 相似文献