Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on conditioned avoidance in rats interpreted as state-dependent learning.

Rats were given one training trial that was followed 2 days later by one test trial in a "step-out" passive avoidance task. Each rat was injected with either adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or placebo before training and before testing. Four groups of rats were used, representing the 4 possible training-testing injection combinations: placebo-placebo, placebo-ACTH, ACTH-placebo, and ACTH-ACTH. ACTH given in testing increased avoidance for subjects that had received ACTH in training and decreased avoidance for those that had received placebo in training.     

Guidance in scottish secondary schools: A client evaluation

Formal provision for pupil guidance in Scottish secondary schools has been a controversial innovation. This paper provides some ofthe first evidence of its impact based on the evaluation of its clients and using data collected as part of a major national survey of Scottish school-leavers. It indicates that guidance teachers have been having some influence on the curricular and vocational decisions of more-able leavers and also provides evidence of progress over time. It suggests, however, that in terms of distributing and focussing their efforts such teachers have yet to make much impact on the vocational problems facing less-able leavers. Progress in the area ofpersonal guidance for ail leavers has also been restricted. Some reasons underlying these developments are discussed.