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23.
Palmore CC Garcia AD Bacon LP Johnson CA Kelemen WL 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2012,19(1):119-125
A recent line of research has suggested that memory systems evolved to encode fitness-relevant information more effectively
than other types of information—a phenomenon known as the “survival processing effect” (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33:263–273, 2007). However, the basis for the effect has been debated. In addition, it is unknown whether or not individuals will adjust their
judgments of learning (JOLs) to reflect the survival processing effect. In three experiments, participants rated 16 words
for their relevance to a survival scenario and another 16 words for their relevance to a bank robbery scenario. In Experiment
1A (with no JOLs), the survival processing effect emerged; in Experiment 1B (with JOLs), no survival processing effect emerged,
but JOLs were higher in the survival condition. In both cases, these findings were confounded by higher relevance ratings
in the survival condition. In Experiment 2, relevance was manipulated within each list, and the survival processing effect
was eliminated. Instead, both recall and JOL magnitude were related to level of congruity between the words and type of processing.
Together, these results provide further evidence for the role of congruity in the survival processing effect and JOLs. 相似文献
24.
Current theories of reasoning such as mental models or mental logic assume a universal cognitive mechanism that underlies human reasoning performance. However, there is evidence that this is not the case, for example, the work of Ford (1995), who found that some people adopted predominantly spatial and some verbal strategies in a syllogistic reasoning task. Using written and think-aloud protocols, the present study confirmed the existence of these individual differences. However, in sharp contrast to Ford, the present study found few differences in reasoning performance between the two groups, in terms of accuracy or type of conclusion generated. Hence, reasoners present an outward appearance of ubiquity, despite underlying differences in reasoning processes. These findings have implications for theoretical accounts of reasoning, and for attempts to model reasoning data. Any comprehensive account needs to account for strategic differences and how these may develop in logically untrained individuals. 相似文献
25.
Andrew Bacon 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(4):370-386
Kevin Scharp’s ‘Replacing Truth’ is an ambitious and far reaching account of the semantic paradoxes. In this critical discussion we examine one the books central claims: to have provided a theory of truth that avoids the revenge paradoxes. In the first part we assess this claim, and in the second part we investigate some features of Scharp’s preferred theory of truth, ADT, and compare it with existing theories such as the Kripke–Feferman theory. In the appendix a simple model of Scharp’s theory is presented, and some potential consistent ways to strengthen the theory are suggested. 相似文献
26.
Andrew Bacon 《Philosophical Studies》2011,153(2):307-311
I consider two puzzles in which an agent undergoes a sequence of decision problems. In both cases it is possible to respond
rationally to any given problem yet it is impossible to respond rationally to every problem in the sequence, even though the
choices are independent. In particular, although it might be a requirement of rationality that one must respond in a certain
way at each point in the sequence, it seems it cannot be a requirement to respond as such at every point for that would be
to require the impossible. 相似文献
27.
Champoux F Collignon O Bacon BA Lepore F Zatorre RJ Théoret H 《Psychological science》2011,22(1):19-25
It has been shown that congenital blindness can lead to anomalies in the integration of auditory and tactile information, at least under certain conditions. In the present study, we used the parchment-skin illusion, a robust illustration of sound-biased perception of touch based on changes in frequency, to investigate the specificities of audiotactile interactions in early- and late-onset blind individuals. Blind individuals in both groups did not experience any illusory change in tactile perception when the frequency of the auditory signal was modified, whereas sighted individuals consistently experienced the illusion. This demonstration that blind individuals had reduced susceptibility to an auditory-tactile illusion suggests either that vision is necessary for the establishment of audiotactile interactions or that auditory and tactile information can be processed more independently in blind individuals than in sighted individuals. In addition, the results obtained in late-onset blind participants suggest that visual input may play a role in the maintenance of audiotactile integration. 相似文献
28.
When people blame others for their mistakes, they learn less and perform worse. This problem is magnified when blame becomes embedded in the shared culture of groups and organizations. Yet, little is known about whether—and, if so, how—the propensity to blame spreads from one person to another. Four experiments addressed this issue, demonstrating that blame is socially contagious: observing an individual make a blame attribution increased the likelihood that people would make subsequent blame attributions for their own, unrelated, failures (Experiments 1, 2, and 4). Results also indicated that this “blame contagion” is due to the transmission of goals. Blame exposure led to the inference and adoption of a self-image protection goal (Experiment 3), and blame contagion was eliminated when observers had the opportunity to alleviate this self-image protection goal via self-affirmation (Experiment 4). Implications for research on causal attributions, social contagion, and cultural transmission are discussed. 相似文献
29.
Journal of Philosophical Logic - 相似文献
30.
Philosophical Studies - Individuals play a prominent role in many metaphysical theories. According to an individualistic metaphysics, reality is determined (at least in part) by the pattern of... 相似文献