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971.
Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Twenge JM Baumeister RF DeWall CN Ciarocco NJ Bartels JM 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2007,92(1):56-66
In 7 experiments, the authors manipulated social exclusion by telling people that they would end up alone later in life or that other participants had rejected them. Social exclusion caused a substantial reduction in prosocial behavior. Socially excluded people donated less money to a student fund, were unwilling to volunteer for further lab experiments, were less helpful after a mishap, and cooperated less in a mixed-motive game with another student. The results did not vary by cost to the self or by recipient of the help, and results remained significant when the experimenter was unaware of condition. The effect was mediated by feelings of empathy for another person but was not mediated by mood, state self-esteem, belongingness, trust, control, or self-awareness. The implication is that rejection temporarily interferes with emotional responses, thereby impairing the capacity for empathic understanding of others, and as a result, any inclination to help or cooperate with them is undermined. 相似文献
972.
How emotion shapes behavior: feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Roy F Baumeister Kathleen D Vohs C Nathan DeWall Liqing Zhang 《Personality and social psychology review》2007,11(2):167-203
Fear causes fleeing and thereby saves lives: this exemplifies a popular and common sense but increasingly untenable view that the direct causation of behavior is the primary function of emotion. Instead, the authors develop a theory of emotion as a feedback system whose influence on behavior is typically indirect. By providing feedback and stimulating retrospective appraisal of actions, conscious emotional states can promote learning and alter guidelines for future behavior. Behavior may also be chosen to pursue (or avoid) anticipated emotional outcomes. Rapid, automatic affective responses, in contrast to the full-blown conscious emotions, may inform cognition and behavioral choice and thereby help guide current behavior. The automatic affective responses may also remind the person of past emotional outcomes and provide useful guides as to what emotional outcomes may be anticipated in the present. To justify replacing the direct causation model with the feedback model, the authors review a large body of empirical findings. 相似文献
973.
The trap-tube problem is used to assess whether an individual is able to foresee the outcome of its actions. To solve the
task, an animal must use a tool to push a piece of food out of a tube, which has a trap along its length. An animal may learn
to avoid the trap through a rule based on associative processes, e.g. using the distance of trap or food as a cue, or by understanding
relations between cause and effect. This task has been used to test physical cognition in a number of tool-using species,
but never a non-tool-user. We developed an experimental design that enabled us to test non-tool-using rooks, Corvus frugilegus. Our modification of the task removed the cognitive requirements of active tool use but still allowed us to test whether
rooks can solve the trap-tube problem, and if so how. Additionally, we developed two new control tasks to determine whether
rooks were able to transfer knowledge to similar, but novel problems, thus revealing more about the mechanisms involved in
solving the task. We found that three out of seven rooks solved the modified trap-tube problem task, showing that the ability
to solve the trap-tube problem is not restricted to tool-using animals. We found no evidence that the birds solved the task
using an understanding of its causal properties, given that none of the birds passed the novel transfer tasks. 相似文献
974.
975.
The aim was to establish if the memory bias for sad faces, reported in clinically depressed patients (Gilboa-Schechtman, Erhard Weiss, & Jeczemien, 2002; Ridout, Astell, Reid, Glen, & O'Carroll, 2003) generalises to sub-clinical depression (dysphoria) and experimentally induced sadness. Study 1: dysphoric (n = 24) and non-dysphoric (n = 20) participants were presented with facial stimuli, asked to identify the emotion portrayed and then given a recognition memory test for these faces. At encoding, dysphoric participants (DP) exhibited impaired identification of sadness and neutral affect relative to the non-dysphoric group (ND). At memory testing, DP exhibited superior memory for sad faces relative to happy and neutral. They also exhibited enhanced memory for sad faces and impaired memory for happy relative to the ND. Study 2: non-depressed participants underwent a positive (n = 24) or negative (n = 24) mood induction (MI) and were assessed on the same tests as Study 1. At encoding, negative MI participants showed superior identification of sadness, relative to neutral affect and compared to the positive MI group. At memory testing, the negative MI group exhibited enhanced memory for the sad faces relative to happy or neutral and compared to the positive MI group. Conclusion: MCM bias for sad faces generalises from clinical depression to these sub-clinical affective states. 相似文献
976.
Controlled trials have established the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for depression. However, the relative effectiveness of individual versus group treatment formats in real-world settings is less well established. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of group CBT (n = 157) compared to individual CBT (n = 77) for depressed outpatients in a naturalistic setting. Symptom improvements for depression, anxiety, and quality of life were compared between treatment formats in intent-to-treat and completer analyses. Effect sizes and rates of recovery were examined. Results showed that both individual and group CBT were effective, even in the presence of high levels of comorbidity. Whereas individual CBT was associated with larger effect sizes and significantly higher rates of recovery, group CBT compared favorably to outcomes established by past research. A broad-spectrum group CBT program may be a viable treatment option when depression symptoms are less severe and when this format of treatment delivery is desirable. 相似文献
977.
Shannan E. Jackson Nathan C. Hall Patricia M. Rowe Lia M. Daniels 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(4):973-998
This study examined the effectiveness of attributional retraining (AR) in an employment interview setting. Our sample consisted of 50 co‐operative education students completing job interviews who were randomly assigned to a control or writing‐based AR condition. Dependent measures included attributions, expectations, and affect, as well as behavior with respect to an interview skills workshop, and actual employment outcomes. Results showed AR to promote controllable failure attributions, expectations, motivated behavior, and interview success, particularly among participants with maladaptive baseline attributions. Findings further revealed AR effects on emotions mediated by post‐treatment attributions. Implications for attribution theory and research on AR in employment settings are discussed. 相似文献
978.
Peter A. Wyman Patricia A. Gaudieri Karen Schmeelk-Cone Wendi Cross C. Hendricks Brown Luke Sworts Jennifer West Katharine C. Burke Janaki Nathan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):917-928
8.6% suicidal ideation (SI) was found among 349 urban 6–9 year olds in the top tercile of aggressive-disruptive behavior.
SI was associated with more self-reported depression, ODD, conduct problems, and ADHD symptoms (ES 0.70–0.97) and 3.5–5 times
more clinically significant symptoms. Parents rated more symptoms in older children associated with SI compared to parents
of similar age children without SI, including greater somatic and behavior problems in 8–9 year olds with SI. Parent ratings
did not differentiate SI and non-SI in 6–7 year olds. SI frequently co-occurred with thoughts about death. Children described
anger, dysphoria and interpersonal conflict as motivators/triggers for SI and worries about safety/health as motivator/triggers
for thoughts about death, suggesting that problems managing emotionally challenging situations are a specific factor in initiating
SI. Universal and indicated interventions for children to strengthen emotional self-regulation and behavioral control are
recommended to complement the current emphasis on suicide prevention among adolescents. 相似文献
979.
980.