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L. Nathan Oaklander 《The Southern journal of philosophy》1984,22(2):211-222
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Marc Colomer Haerin Chung Marlene Meyer Ranjan Debnath Santiago Morales Nathan A. Fox Amanda Woodward 《Developmental science》2023,26(3):e13339
Despite substantial evidence indicating a close link between action production and perception in early child development, less is known about how action experience shapes the processes of perceiving and anticipating others’ actions. Here, we developed a novel approach to capture functional connectivity specific to certain brain areas to investigate how action experience changes the networks involved in action perception and anticipation. Nine- and-12-month-old infants observed familiar (grasping) and novel (tool-use) actions while their brain activity was measured using EEG. Infants’ motor competence of both actions was assessed. A link between action experience and connectivity patterns was found, particularly during the anticipation period. During action anticipation, greater motor competence in grasping predicted greater functional connectivity between visual (occipital alpha) and motor (central alpha) regions relative to global levels of whole-brain EEG connectivity. Furthermore, visual and motor regions tended to be more coordinated in response to familiar versus novel actions and for older than younger participants. Critically, these effects were not found in the control networks (frontal-central; frontal-occipital; parietal-central; parietal-occipital), suggesting a unique role of visual-motor networks on the link between motor skills and action encoding.
Highlights
- Infants’ motor development predicted functional connectivity patterns during action anticipation.
- Faster graspers, and older infants, showed a stronger ratio of visual-motor neural coherence.
- Overall whole-brain connectivity was modulated by age and familiarity with the actions.
- Measuring inter-site relative to whole-brain connectivity can capture specific brain-behavior links.
- Measures of phase-based connectivity over time are sensitive to anticipatory action.
928.
Hyesung G. Hwang Courtney A. Filippi Santiago Morales Nathan A. Fox Amanda Woodward 《Developmental science》2023,26(6):e13390
When children first meet a stranger, there is great variation in how much they will approach and engage with the stranger. While individual differences in this type of behavior—called social wariness—are well-documented in temperament research, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the social groups (such as race) of the stranger and how these characteristics might influence children's social wariness. In contrast, research on children's social bias and interracial friendships rarely examines individual differences in temperament and how temperament might influence cross-group interactions. The current study bridges the gap across these different fields of research by examining whether the racial group of an unfamiliar peer or adult moderates the association between temperament and the social wariness that children display. Utilizing a longitudinal dataset that collected multiple measurements of children's temperament and behaviors (including parent-reported shyness and social wariness toward unfamiliar adults and peers) across early childhood, we found that 2- to 7-year-old children with high parent-reported shyness showed greater social wariness toward a different-race stranger compared to a same-race stranger, whereas children with low parent-reported shyness did not. These results point to the importance of considering racial group membership in temperament research and the potential role that temperament might play in children's cross-race interactions.
Research Highlights
- Previous research on temperament has not considered how the race of strangers could influence children's social wariness.
- We find evidence that 2- to 7-year-old children with high parent-reported shyness show greater social wariness toward a different-race stranger compared to a same-race stranger.
- These results point to the importance of considering racial group membership in temperament research.
- Our findings also suggest temperament may play a role in children's cross-race interactions.
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Nathan Ridout Arlene Astell Ian Reid Tom Glen Ronan O'Carroll 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(1):101-122
Sixteen clinically depressed patients and sixteen healthy controls were presented with a set of emotional facial expressions and were asked to identify the emotion portrayed by each face. They, were subsequently given a recognition memory test for these faces. There was no difference between the groups in terms of their ability to identify emotion between from faces. All participants identified emotional expressions more accurately than neutral expressions, with happy expressions being identified most accurately. During the recognition memory phase the depressed patients demonstrated superior memory for sad expressions, and inferior memory for happy expressions, relative to neutral expressions. Conversely, the controls demonstrated superior memory for happy expressions, and inferior memory for sad expressions, relative to neutral expressions. These results are discussed in terms of the cognitive model of depression proposed by Williams, Watts, MacLeod, and Mathews (1997). 相似文献