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791.
792.
Trosclair-Lasserre NM Lerman DC Call NA Addison LR Kodak T 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2008,41(2):203-220
Consideration of reinforcer magnitude may be important for maximizing the efficacy of treatment for problem behavior. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about children's preferences for different magnitudes of social reinforcement or the extent to which preference is related to differences in reinforcer efficacy. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the relations among reinforcer magnitude, preference, and efficacy by drawing on the procedures and results of basic experimentation in this area. Three children who engaged in problem behavior that was maintained by social positive reinforcement (attention, access to tangible items) participated. Results indicated that preference for different magnitudes of social reinforcement may predict reinforcer efficacy and that magnitude effects may be mediated by the schedule requirement. 相似文献
793.
Ellis JR Villemagne VL Nathan PJ Mulligan RS Gong SJ Chan JG Sachinidis J O'Keefe GJ Pathmaraj K Wesnes KA Savage G Rowe CC 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,90(2):404-412
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are critical for higher order cognitive processes. Post-mortem studies suggest reductions in nAChRs (particularly the alpha(4)beta(2) subtype) with ageing and in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to; (1) quantify nAChR distribution in vivo with 2-[18F]fluoro-A-85380 (2-FA) in 15 early AD patients compared to 14 age-matched, healthy controls (HC) and (2) correlate nAChR distribution with cognitive performance in both groups. All participants were non-smokers and underwent cognitive testing along with a dynamic PET scan after injection of 200 MBq of 2-FA. Brain regional 2-FA binding was assessed through a simplified estimation of Distribution Volume (DV(S)). The AD group differed significantly from HC on all cognitive measures employed, with impairments on measures of attention, working memory, language, executive function, visuospatial ability, verbal learning and verbal memory (p<.05). Contrary to post-mortem data this study found no evidence of in vivo nAChR loss in early AD despite significant cognitive impairment. Furthermore, no correlation between nAChR and cognitive performance was found for either group. The findings of the current study suggest preservation of nAChRs early in AD supporting previous studies. It is possible that while the clinical 2-FA PET method described here may be insensitive in detecting changes in early AD, such changes may be detected in more advanced stages of the illness. 相似文献
794.
Sarah A. Hayes Nathan A. Miller Debra A. Hope Richard G. Heimberg Harlan R. Juster 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2008,15(2):203-211
Frequent assessment during therapy can improve treatments and provide accountability. However, clinicians often do not monitor progress because of the time it takes to administer and score assessments. In response, the Social Anxiety Session Change Index (SASCI) was developed. The SASCI is a short, easily administered rating of subjective improvement that asks clients with social anxiety disorder how much they have changed since the beginning of therapy. Change on the SASCI was related to change in fear of negative evaluation, a core aspect of social anxiety, and to clinician-rated improvement, but not to ratings of anxiety sensitivity or depression. Because it is brief and easily interpretable, the SASCI can be used in a variety of clinical settings to monitor change across therapy. The SASCI is presented along with examples of how the information gathered from frequent administration can inform clinical practice. 相似文献
795.
Perceived control and emotions: interactive effects on performance in achievement settings 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Joelle C. Ruthig Raymond P. Perry Steven Hladkyj Nathan C. Hall Reinhard Pekrun Judith G. Chipperfield 《Social Psychology of Education》2008,11(2):161-180
Individual differences in cognitions and emotions play a critical role in difficult academic situations, such as the transition
into college, a period infused with uncertainty. Perceived academic control (low vs. high) and emotions (course boredom, anxiety,
and enjoyment) were examined to determine how they jointly predicted 620 first-year students’ achievement and attrition over
an entire academic year. It was expected that students’ emotions would moderate the effects of high perceived control on achievement
(final psychology grade, cumulative GPA) and attrition (overall course credits dropped). Regression results revealed several
Perceived Control × Emotion interactions that supported this moderation hypothesis: negative emotions impeded the benefits
of high control (i.e., boredom and anxiety predicted worse performance in high-control students); positive emotions enhanced
the benefits of high control (i.e., enjoyment predicted better performance in high-control students). Conversely, achievement
emotions did not predict performance among low-control students. Together, these findings indicate that for a high level of
perceived control to enhance students’ academic achievement and inhibit attrition, “adaptive” levels of emotions (lower boredom,
lower anxiety, or higher enjoyment) are required. Implications for maximizing academic success among both low- and high-control
students are discussed.
相似文献
Joelle C. RuthigEmail: |
796.
Dutilh Gilles Annis Jeffrey Brown Scott D. Cassey Peter Evans Nathan J. Grasman Raoul P. P. P. Hawkins Guy E. Heathcote Andrew Holmes William R. Krypotos Angelos-Miltiadis Kupitz Colin N. Leite Fábio P. Lerche Veronika Lin Yi-Shin Logan Gordon D. Palmeri Thomas J. Starns Jeffrey J. Trueblood Jennifer S. van Maanen Leendert van Ravenzwaaij Don Vandekerckhove Joachim Visser Ingmar Voss Andreas White Corey N. Wiecki Thomas V. Rieskamp Jörg Donkin Chris 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2019,26(4):1051-1069
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into... 相似文献
797.
798.
Natalie R. Holt Debra A. Hope Richard Mocarski Nathan Woodruff 《International Journal of Transgenderism》2019,20(1):49-62
Background: When accessing mental healthcare services, transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals face systemic barriers to gender-affirmative care. Initial points of contact, like intake forms, may show limited consideration for the heterogeneity of TGNC identities and can lead to negative consequences prior to face-to-face interaction with providers. Aims: The first aim was to mimic a likely pathway a TGNC individual may follow to seek mental healthcare services in the USA and to describe the extent to which they may encounter enacted stigma or affirmative messages that may impede or facilitate access to care. The second aim was to determine if a positive State legal climate for TGNC people was associated with more affirmative provider materials. Methods: Content analysis was used to examine a national sample of websites and intake forms of mental healthcare providers who advertise online as working with TGNC clients. Intake forms were coded for usage of affirmative language in gender/sex questions and including questions for a client's pronouns and preferred name. Websites were coded for mentioning a variety of services or resources for TGNC clients. Results: While provider websites were found through Google searches for a “gender therapist,” only 56.6% of websites stated a provider specialty to work with TGNC clients and 32.1% of websites had no mention of services or resources for TGNC people. Additionally, a significantly larger proportion of intake forms from States with legal protections for TGNC people used affirmative language in gender/sex questions and asked for a client's pronouns than intake forms from States without legal protections. Discussion: Barriers to affirmative healthcare for TGNC people within patient and provider interactions have been identified in previous research and these data show TGNC individuals may face enacted stigma even in their search for a provider, particularly those TGNC people living in States without legal protections. 相似文献
799.
Jasmine J. Hooper Clare A. M. Sutherland Louise Ewing Robyn Langdon Nathan Caruana Emily Connaughton Nikolas Williams Jayden Greenwell‐Barnden Gillian Rhodes 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2019,110(4):617-634
Facial impressions of trustworthiness guide social decisions in the general population, as shown by financial lending in economic Trust Games. As an exception, autistic boys fail to use facial impressions to guide trust decisions, despite forming typical facial trustworthiness impressions (Autism, 19, 2015a, 1002). Here, we tested whether this dissociation between forming and using facial impressions of trustworthiness extends to neurotypical men with high levels of autistic traits. Forty‐six Caucasian men completed a multi‐turn Trust Game, a facial trustworthiness impressions task, the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient, and two Theory of Mind tasks. As hypothesized, participants’ levels of autistic traits had no observed effect on the impressions formed, but negatively predicted the use of those impressions in trust decisions. Thus, the dissociation between forming and using facial impressions of trustworthiness extends to the broader autism phenotype. More broadly, our results identify autistic traits as an important source of individual variation in the use of facial impressions to guide behaviour. Interestingly, failure to use these impressions could potentially represent rational behaviour, given their limited validity. 相似文献
800.
Berg CA Smith TW Ko KJ Beveridge RM Story N Henry NJ Florsheim P Pearce G Uchino BN Skinner MA Glazer K 《Psychology and aging》2007,22(3):420-427
Collaborative problem solving may be used by older couples to optimize cognitive functioning, with some suggestion that older couples exhibit greater collaborative expertise. The study explored age differences in 2 aspects of collaborative expertise: spouses' knowledge of their own and their spouse's cognitive abilities and the ability to fit task control to these cognitive abilities. The participants were 300 middle-aged and older couples who completed a hypothetical errand task. The interactions were coded for control asserted by husbands and wives. Fluid intelligence was assessed, and spouses rated their own and their spouse's cognitive abilities. The results revealed no age differences in couple expertise, either in the ability to predict their own and their spouse's cognitive abilities or in the ability to fit task control to abilities. However, gender differences were found. Women fit task control to their own and their spouse's cognitive abilities; men only fit task control to their spouse's cognitive abilities. For women only, the fit between control and abilities was associated with better performance. The results indicate no age differences in couple expertise but point to gender as a factor in optimal collaboration. 相似文献