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881.
Evidence accumulation models of decision-making have led to advances in several different areas of psychology. These models provide a way to integrate response time and accuracy data, and to describe performance in terms of latent cognitive processes. Testing important psychological hypotheses using cognitive models requires a method to make inferences about different versions of the models which assume different parameters to cause observed effects. The task of model-based inference using noisy data is difficult, and has proven especially problematic with current model selection methods based on parameter estimation. We provide a method for computing Bayes factors through Monte-Carlo integration for the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA; Brown and Heathcote, 2008), a widely used evidence accumulation model. Bayes factors are used frequently for inference with simpler statistical models, and they do not require parameter estimation. In order to overcome the computational burden of estimating Bayes factors via brute force integration, we exploit general purpose graphical processing units; we provide free code for this. This approach allows estimation of Bayes factors via Monte-Carlo integration within a practical time frame. We demonstrate the method using both simulated and real data. We investigate the stability of the Monte-Carlo approximation, and the LBA’s inferential properties, in simulation studies. 相似文献
882.
Renee M. Cloutier Keke L. Schuler Nathan Kearns Camilo J. Ruggero Sarah F. Lewis Heidemarie Blumenthal 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2018,31(5):500-513
Background and Objectives: A growing body of work suggests individuals with more severe post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are at higher risk for developing problematic alcohol use outcomes. Extending work from the adult literature, the present study was the first to examine the extent to which PTSS is related to drinking motives for alcohol use in both clinical and non-clinical samples of adolescents.Design: Hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict coping motives for alcohol use from PTSS, above and beyond demographic variables, alcohol use frequency, and other alcohol use motives.Methods: Trauma-exposed adolescents before entering treatment (Sample 1 n?=?41) and recruited from the local community (Sample 2 n?=?55) self-reported on PTSS and alcohol use motives.Results: PTSS positively predicted coping motives for alcohol use after controlling for age, gender, and alcohol use frequency.Conclusions: The current study highlights the need to consider both PTSS severity, as well as underlying cognitive mechanisms (e.g., motives), to better understand the etiology of problematic alcohol use among trauma-exposed youth. Future work focused on clarifying the trajectory of alcohol use motives and problems as a function of PTSS is needed. 相似文献
883.
Jeffrey F. Hine Scott P. Ardoin Nathan A. Call 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2018,48(3):145-154
This paper highlights the applicability of patterns seen within basic experimental research in relation to contemporary application of token economies. Token economies are one of the most widely used interventions to promote behavior change, and this procedure has evolved to be effective across many settings, behaviors, and individuals. Due to this widespread use, casual implementation of the token economy might result in inconsistencies in responding and therefore an overall skepticism in the procedure itself. We present multiple barriers that encumber practical application of token economies, including insufficient conditioning and pairing of tokens, determining quality of backup reinforcers, unforeseen effects of motivating operations, teaching the token exchange, effects of higher-order reinforcement schedules, ratio strain, and use of response cost procedures. To assist practitioners in implementing more effective treatments, for each barrier we revisit the often overlooked basic research involving features of conditioned reinforcement and reinforcement schedules. It is important to translate the often complex implications of basic research so that practitioners can use this information to improve their own practice as well as their confidence in disseminating use of this evidence-based treatment. To further guide practitioners in using this knowledge in everyday settings, we also provide recommendations specific to each barrier as well as relevant applied research and practical examples. 相似文献
884.
Nathan Caruana Kiley Seymour 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2022,113(2):496-507
The human visual system has evolved specialized neural mechanisms to rapidly detect faces. Its broad tuning for facial features is thought to underlie the illusory perception of faces in inanimate objects, a phenomenon called face pareidolia. Recent studies on face pareidolia suggest that the mechanisms underlying face processing, at least at the early stages of visual encoding, may treat objects that resemble faces as real faces; prioritizing their detection. In our study, we used breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) to examine whether the human visual system prioritizes the detection of objects that induce face pareidolia over stimuli matched for object content. Similar to previous b-CFS results using real face stimuli, we found that participants detected the objects with pareidolia faces faster than object-matched control stimuli. Given that face pareidolia has been more frequently reported amongst individuals prone to hallucinations, we also explored whether this rapid prioritization is intact in individuals with schizophrenia, and found evidence suggesting that it was. Our findings suggest that face pareidolia engages a broadly tuned mechanism that facilitates rapid face detection. This may involve the proposed fast subcortical pathway that operates outside of visual awareness. 相似文献
885.
Harris-Watson Alexandra M. Kung Mei-Chuan Tocci Michael C. Boyce Anthony S. Weekley Jeff A. Guenole Nigel Carter Nathan T. 《Journal of business and psychology》2022,37(4):855-871
Journal of Business and Psychology - We propose a compensatory interactive influence of conscientiousness and GMA in task performance such that conscientiousness is most beneficial to performance... 相似文献
886.
Havewala Mazneen Lorenzo Nicole E. Seddio Kaylee Oddo Lauren E. Novick Danielle R. Fox Nathan A. Chronis-Tuscano Andrea 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2022,50(7):853-866
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Symptoms of ADHD and anxiety often co-occur, yet we are limited in our understanding of which children with ADHD symptoms are more likely to... 相似文献
887.
This paper examines the philosophical substructure to the theoretical conflicts that permeate contemporary mental health care
in the UK. Theoretical conflicts are treated here as those that arise among practitioners holding divergent theoretical orientations
towards the phenomena being treated. Such conflicts, although steeped in history, have become revitalized by recent attempts
at integrating mental health services that have forced diversely trained practitioners to work collaboratively together, often
under one roof. Part I of this paper examines how the history of these conflicts can be understood as a tension between, on
the one hand, the medical model and its use by the dominant profession of psychiatry, and on the other, those alternative
models and practitioners in some way differentiated from the medical model camp. Examples will be given from recent policy
and research to highlight the prevalence of this tension in contemporary practice. Part II of this paper explores the deeper
commonalities that lay beneath the theoretical conflict outlined in Part I. These commonalities will be shown to be apart
of a captivating framework that has continued to grip the conflict since its inception. By exposing this underlying framework--and
the motivations inherent therein--the topic of integration appears in wholly different light, allowing a renewed philosophical
basis for integration to emerge. 相似文献
888.
L. Nathan Oaklander 《Philosophia》2010,38(2):229-241
In his review of The Ontology of Time, Thomas Crisp (Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2005a) argues that Oaklander's version of McTaggart's paradox does not make any trouble for his version of presentism. The aim
of this paper is to refute that claim by demonstrating that Crisp's version of presentism does indeed succumb to a version
of McTaggart's argument. I shall proceed as follows. In Part I I shall explain Crisp's view and then argue in Part II that
his analysis of temporal becoming, temporal properties and temporal relations is inadequate. Finally, in Part III, I shall
demonstrate that his presentist ontology of time is susceptible to the paradox he so assiduously sought to avoid. 相似文献
889.
Melissa L. Gruys Susan M. Stewart Nathan A. Bowling 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2010,18(4):439-446
Managers typically expect employees to report counterproductive work behavior (CWB) when they see or have knowledge of other employees engaging in such acts. However, the degree to which individuals actually report CWB to company officials has not been addressed in the literature. Previous research has also not explored the personality traits, attitudes, and workplace behaviors of those employees who report CWB on the part of others. Hence, we conducted 2 studies with 2 independent samples to provide information on both of these points in an effort to assist organizations in curbing negative workplace acts and in making more informed personnel selection decisions. 相似文献
890.
Candice Vinson Debra Mollen Nathan Grant Smith 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2010,20(5):426-432
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ethnicity on perceptions of voluntary childfree women. We were interested in determining whether mothers were viewed as more stereotypically positive than women without children and how the ethnicity of the participant and the target impacted participants' ratings. We utilized vignettes and manipulated motherhood status and ethnicity of the target. Participants (n = 224) were comprised of female university students in the southwestern region of the United States. Results indicated that women view childfree women negatively. Moreover, women view African American mothers more favourably than childfree African American women. Results are discussed in terms of gender roles in communities of colour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献