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91.
Children from different grades were tested in a lexical decision task. Word‐stimuli consisted of words acquired in their respective grades, and in grades previous to their own. The results showed that the proportion of errors for newly acquired words increased steadily with grade (i.e. first graders made fewer errors with words of grade one than fifth graders with words of grade five). However, the proportion of errors for words acquired in a given grade remained constant throughout the following grades (fifth graders made as many errors with words acquired in grade one as first graders did). These results indicate that the strong impact that age‐ or order‐of‐acquisition of words has on the way words will be recognized is in place at a very young age. 相似文献
92.
Nathalie Boutros Michael Davison Douglas Elliffe 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,91(1):41-60
Five pigeons responded on steady-state concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food presentation in which half of the foods were removed and replaced with nonfood stimuli. Across conditions, the stimuli were either paired or unpaired with food, and the correlation between the ratio of food deliveries on the two alternatives and the ratio of nonfood stimuli was either −1, 0, or +1. Neither the pairing of stimuli with food, nor the correlation between stimuli and food, affected generalized-matching performance, but paired stimuli had a demonstrable effect at a local level of analysis. This effect was independent of the food–stimulus correlation. These results differ from results previously obtained in a frequently changing environment. We attribute this difference in results to differences in the information value of response-contingent stimuli in frequently changing versus relatively constant environments, as well as to differences between forward pairing and simultaneous pairing of the stimuli with food. 相似文献
93.
Edward D. Barker Henrik Larsson Essi Viding Barbara Maughan Fruhling Rijsdijk Nathalie Fontaine Robert Plomin 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(4):299-308
Although both aggressive (AGG) and deceitful behaviors (DEC) are symptoms of childhood conduct problems, few studies have
examined common vs. specific etiological influences. Early intervention is encouraged for conduct problems and findings from
genetically informative studies can suggest whether interventions should focus on conduct problems in general or groupings
of conduct problems more specifically. Twin model-fitting analyses were conducted on same and different teacher ratings of
AGG and DEC for 872 9-year old male twin pairs. Common genetic influences were found to underlie the susceptibility for both
AGG and DEC. The same teacher ratings resulted in somewhat higher heritability estimates than different teacher ratings. Results
also indicated stronger environmental effects for DEC as compared with AGG, with a significant shared environmental component
for same teachers and a substantial non-shared environmental component for different teachers. Our data suggest that AGG and
DEC share risk genes and environmental factors may differentiate these two types of conduct problems. Characterizing these
specific environmental factors may be useful when developing interventions. 相似文献
94.
95.
In previous experiments, the amount of interference between time production and visual or memory search tasks was shown not to be related to the level of difficulty of the search task per se, but instead to the amount of processing in short-term memory required in the search task. The first experiment of the present study verified whether the amount of interference between time production and a short-term memory task may be related to the level of difficulty of the short-term memory task. Two versions of a memory task, with and without processing of order information, were combined with a temporal interval production task in a concurrent processing condition. As is shown in a control reaction time task, processing order information increased the level of difficulty of the memory search task. In the concurrent processing condition, the interference between short-term memory processing and time production was stronger when the level of difficulty of the short-term memory search task was increased by requiring that order information be processed. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the amount of interference between a similar short-term memory task and time production seems not to be related to the amount of order information that must be maintained during the time production task. This dissociation between the effects of processing and the maintenance of order information is compatible with a similar dissociation, observed in previous experiments, between the effects of processing and those of maintaining item information in short-term memory on concurrent time production. 相似文献
96.
The distribution of striate cortex cells exhibits a maximum number of cells tuned to vertical and horizontal orientations (Mansfield, 1974). This was interpreted as an adaptation of the visual system to the presence in the visual environment of greater amounts of vertical and horizontal information compared to information from other orientations (Keil & Cristobal, 2000). The present research confirms that vertical and horizontal orientations are, indeed, present in greater number in natural scenes. After normalization of the amount of information across all orientations, vertical information appeared to be better for bottom-up categorization. We demonstrate this using a connectionist autoassociator model of categorization used elsewhere in simulations of early infant categorization. 相似文献
97.
98.
Research suggests that emotions influence children's ability to discern fantasy from reality; however, reasons for this association remain unknown. The current research sought to better understand the mechanisms underlying children's distinctions by examining the roles discrete emotions and context have in 3- to 5-year-olds' evaluations of fantasy and reality. In Study 1, children's fantasy-reality distinctions of images depicting happy, frightening, or sad events were obtained under two conditions: Children responded freely or were motivated to respond accurately. When responding freely, older children reported that happy and sad fantastic and real events could occur but frightening events could not. When motivated to respond accurately, children's accuracy improved for fantasy but not for reality. Study 2 examined real events exclusively and found that children may lack the knowledge that frightening, but not happy or sad, real events can occur. The findings provide new insight into how emotions affect children's fantasy-reality distinctions. 相似文献
99.
von Schwarz Ernst R. Franco Miguel Busse Nathalie Bidzhoian Sofiia Schwarz Aubriana Angel de Kiev Laurent Cleenewerck 《Journal of religion and health》2022,61(4):3177-3191
Journal of Religion and Health - In the daily practice of medicine, health care providers oftentimes confront the dilemma of offering ‘maximum care’ based on available technologies and... 相似文献
100.
SHALL WE DANCE? MUSIC AS A PORT OF ENTRANCE TO MATERNAL–INFANT INTERSUBJECTIVITY IN A CONTEXT OF POSTNATAL DEPRESSION
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Martine Van Puyvelde Helena Rodrigues Gerrit Loots Lotta De Coster Kevin Du Ville Liesbeth Matthijs David Simcock Nathalie Pattyn 《Infant mental health journal》2014,35(3):220-232
The present study introduces the concept of a mother–infant group therapy that makes use of music, singing, and moving to establish maternal–infant intersubjectivity. It was conducted in a residential mother–baby unit for mothers with postnatal depression and their infants over a 5‐week period. Maternal–infant intersubjectivity of four dyads in relation to the group dynamics were microanalyzed for Sessions 1 and 5. We made within‐session (i.e., beginning–middle–end) and between‐session (Session 1 vs. Session 5) comparisons for the number of intersubjectivity moments (ISMs), total time of intersubjectivity (IST), and the mean duration of ISMs on a dyadic (i.e., own mother/infant involved) and a nondyadic level (i.e., own mother/infant not involved). In addition, three ISM levels (degree of group contribution) were distinguished. The results indicated a significant increase of ISMs/IST from Session 1 to Session 5. Within‐session analyses showed that ISMs/IST significantly decreased through Session 1 and remained stable throughout Session 5. Intersubjectivity occurred mainly on ISM Level 1 during Session 1 and on ISM Level 3 during Session 5, suggesting increased dyadic autonomy and self‐efficacy. The results are discussed in relation to the musical characteristics of mother–infant dyads, music improvisation techniques, group processes, and intersubjective development. 相似文献