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161.
Jernigan Christopher M. Stafstrom Jay A. Zaba Natalie C. Vogt Caleb C. Sheehan Michael J. 《Animal cognition》2023,26(2):589-598
Animal Cognition - Visual individual recognition requires animals to distinguish among conspecifics based on appearance. Though visual individual recognition has been reported in a range of taxa... 相似文献
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Abstract Several clinicians have proposed that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are unusually sensitive to unpleasant events. We tested a non-clinical sample of obsessive-compulsive (O-C) subjects who reported in diagnostic interviews that they experienced significant problems with obsessions and/or compulsions. Excerpts from three emotion-eliciting films were shown to 10 O-C males, 12 O-C females, 12 normal males, and 12 normal females. Emotional response was measured by using a self-report instrument and by recording facial expressions, which were coded for both appropriate emotional reactions as well as reactions that may represent efforts to mask or control the display of negative emotion. The groups did not differ with regard to subjective response to the film clips, but facial responses indicated that O-C subjects made more efforts to suppress the expression of fear (inappropriate smiles/laughs) during the frightening film clip. In spite of these responses, male O-C subjects also tended to reveal more frightened facial expressions than male control subjects. This finding is believed to illustrate one component of a model in which exaggerated emotional response is a precursor to the development of OCD. 相似文献
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The presence of a childhood imaginary companion (IC) has been proposed to reflect heightened imaginative abilities. This study hypothesized that adults who reported having a childhood IC would score higher on a task requiring the imaginative construction of visual scenes. Additionally, it was proposed that individuals who produced more vivid and detailed scenes would also report richer autobiographical memories, due to a shared reliance on imaginative abilities in construction and recollection. Sixty participants (20 with an IC), completed an adapted scene construction procedure and an autobiographical memory questionnaire. Participants reporting a childhood IC scored significantly higher on scene construction and rated themselves as more imaginative. Scene construction scores were also moderately related to the richness of autobiographical memories, although this was almost entirely due to scores on the thought/emotion/action component of scene construction. Autobiographical memory was unrelated to the presence of an IC. Implications for overlapping and dissociable aspects of imagination and memory are discussed. 相似文献
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Anjali Bhatara Natalie Boll‐Avetisyan Trevor Agus Barbara Höhle Thierry Nazzi 《Cognitive Science》2016,40(7):1816-1830
Language experience clearly affects the perception of speech, but little is known about whether these differences in perception extend to non‐speech sounds. In this study, we investigated rhythmic perception of non‐linguistic sounds in speakers of French and German using a grouping task, in which complexity (variability in sounds, presence of pauses) was manipulated. In this task, participants grouped sequences of auditory chimeras formed from musical instruments. These chimeras mimic the complexity of speech without being speech. We found that, while showing the same overall grouping preferences, the German speakers showed stronger biases than the French speakers in grouping complex sequences. Sound variability reduced all participants’ biases, resulting in the French group showing no grouping preference for the most variable sequences, though this reduction was attenuated by musical experience. In sum, this study demonstrates that linguistic experience, musical experience, and complexity affect rhythmic grouping of non‐linguistic sounds and suggests that experience with acoustic cues in a meaningful context (language or music) is necessary for developing a robust grouping preference that survives acoustic variability. 相似文献
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Natalie C. Fala Jennifer A. Coleman John R. Lynch 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2016,25(2):210-229
Combat veterans have experienced a transformational process during war zone deployment, including emotional, cognitive, and sensory processing changes. They also return entrenched in military expectations of conduct and behavior. These changes result in anticipatory anxiety that makes it difficult to reintegrate into the civilian world, and are related to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PTSD Recovery Program at the McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) is a manualized treatment that focuses on the personal and daily experiences of combat veterans rather than exposure to traumatic memories. Program evaluation data demonstrated significant reduction in PTSD symptoms and improvements in general self-efficacy and adaptive behaviors. Results support the PTSD Recovery Program as an effective treatment that enhances readjustment to civilian life. 相似文献
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Parissa J. Ballard Heather Malin Tenelle J. Porter Anne Colby William Damon 《Research in human development》2015,12(1-2):63-83
Participating in civic life is an important developmental task of adolescence and a central tenet of democracy. What motivates diverse youth in the United States to become involved in civic life? Using a mixed-method and person-centered approach, the authors (1) identified subgroups of participants based on their motivations for political and nonpolitical volunteering and (2) explored differences in civic motivations by ethnic and immigration backgrounds among Asian and Latino adolescents. Using latent class analysis, the authors identified four classes of motivation for political (n = 414) and nonpolitical volunteer (n = 1,066) activities: helping identity, instrumental, personal issue, and weak motivation. Overall, first- and second-generation Latino and Asian youth and nonimmigrants showed more similarities than differences in civic motivations. Survey and interview data revealed that youth from immigrant backgrounds were more motivated to volunteer by instrumental reasons compared to nonimmigrants. Qualitative analyses also revealed that immigrant youth from Mexican backgrounds were mobilized around issues of immigration reform whereas youth from Asian backgrounds were concerned with issues in their local communities. 相似文献