Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences: Editorial Introduction

Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences -     

作为体验实践的同感与同情——现象学分析与佛教教义之比较

众所周知，胡塞尔对交互主体性的分析是以同感为基础的。现在，这样一种同感经验在胡塞尔那里被描述为，它既涉及我们身体所特有的空间性，也涉及两个身体的一种时间结对、以及从我们的心理状态向他人心理状态的一种独特想象的转化。我想把对他人的这样一种多层次的经验，与大乘佛教传统中的一些教义(首先出现于印度，而后传到西藏)对同情经验的描述方式作一个比较。实际上，在这种教义体系中被非常具体地加以描述的“tonglen”实践(西藏人这样称呼)，就其植根于身体中并使时间同步而言，尤其是就想象被考虑的方式而言，都以多种形式回应着胡塞尔的同感经验。在生活空间、时间和想象等方面，通过比较这两者的实践与理论，我们将能估价它们的亲和性、它们的差异，进而最终说明它们如何才能相互启发，甚至相互促进。     

A converso confraternity in Majorca: La Novella Confraria de Sant Miquel

After their forced conversion during the anti-Jewish violence of August 1391, Majorcan conversos could no longer avail themselves of the social structures that provided for their welfare as members of the aljama. Rather than joining existing confraternities, which were the main purveyors of social welfare in Christian society, in 1404, conversos formally established a confraternity of their own. Its statutes, translated here in an Appendix, reveal both Jewish and Christian precedents in provision for the poor, the sick and for burial. These applied not only to members, but to all Majoran conversos. While the suspicions or hostility of Old Christians may have deterred conversos from seeking membership in their institutions, the converso confraternity was essentially a formalization of a community that was already bound together by pre-baptismal networks and relationships and which was addressed as a corporate entity by the Crown and creditors of the former aljama. The very establishment of Sant Miquel, as the converso confraternity was called, coupled with an absence of ritual injunctions among its statutes, supports the hypothesis that the first generations of conversos continued in the same relationships and customs as when they were Jewish. The confraternity offered a space in which these conversos could retain vestiges of their Jewish identity while situating themselves in the ambit of Christian culture, thus setting a new social referent for future generations.     

SAMHSA philosophy and statement on ethical principles

As the major federal agency responsible for improving the delivery and effectiveness of substance abuse and mental health services to the American public, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is aware that its programs deal with especially sensitive issues. As a national leader in advancing effective services to persons with addictive and mental disorders, SAMHSA has stewardship over important interventions affecting personal, community, institutional, and social values. Inherent in SAMHSA's mission and goals is a commitment to protect and promote the human, civil, and legal rights and moral freedoms of those individuals and groups who participate in SAMHSA-funded activities and to demonstrate that Agency policies and procedures are congruent with publicly acceptable ethical principles and standards of conduct. A foundation of mutual trust between SAMHSA officials and participants as well as sensitivity to issues of public accountability will hasten and strengthen progress toward this shared vision.     

Sex-role stereotypes of feminists and nonfeminists

In light of recent attempts by feminists to upgrade the status of women by stressing the positive aspects of femininity, a comparison of sex-role stereotyping by women who endorse women's liberation with those who do not was made. Feminists showed a more positive perception of women; both groups stressed positive feminine traits in describing an ideal woman, but feminists would like to see more dominance in women. Two negative stereotypes, not previously documented, emerged from this analysis: the depiction of men as cooler, more boastful, awkward, and insensitive by the feminists and women's liberationists as more boastful, excitable, and unattractive by the nonfeminists.     

Listening to distraction: a developmental study of selective attention

One hundred eight children 8, 11, and 14 years old selected one auditory message from two (male-female voice cue). Retention of target and distracting words was tested. Fifty-four control Ss heard the target message alone. Contrary to some earlier studies, distraction hindered the target performance of younger children more than older children. In the experimental groups target retention increased linearly with age but distraction retention remained constant. Intrusions from the distracting message during the selection task decreased greatly with increasing age. These and other results were interpreted as showing that the superior selective listening performance of older children is due not to a greater ability to filter out distracting material at an early stage of processing, but in large part to an ability to inhibit intrusions from the distracting material during the selection task.     

Effects of Concept Mapping on Creativity in Photo Stories

This research tested the use of concept map planning to support the development of creativity in photo stories, hypothesizing that skills taught to support organization would improve creativity. Concept maps are a type of graphic organizer, used to represent an ordering of ideas with nodes and linking words that form propositional statements. They were applied to story development under the assumption that the creative development of narrative elements requires organization. Undergraduate education students were randomly assigned to either concept map or text-based planning groups for the production of digital photo stories. Creativity was operationalized using dimensions of novelty, interest, clarity, and ability to be understood. A multivariate effect of planning method was found for these dimensions favoring the concept map group, due largely to greater clarity in the photo stories. Clarity in photo stories adds to their utility as creative products. This study represents first steps toward empirically assessing concept maps for a creative purpose, and further investigation, with a larger sample in an authentic context, over a longer period of planning time is recommended.