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51.
Naomi M. Wright Carly P. Smith Jennifer J. Freyd 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2017,26(1):50-68
This study is the first to expand the investigation of study-abroad risks to include a range of traumatic experiences for male and female students and to examine effects of institutional betrayal (i.e., an institution’s failure to prevent trauma or support survivors). In an online survey of 173 university students who had studied abroad, many respondents (45.44%, n = 79) reported exposure to at least 1 traumatic experience while abroad, most frequently natural disasters, sexual assault, and unwanted sexual experiences. Of students exposed to potentially traumatic events, more than one third (35.44%, n = 28) also reported at least 1 form of related institutional betrayal, which uniquely correlated with posttraumatic distress in some participants, when controlling for lifetime trauma history. 相似文献
52.
Background: nursing students are required to think reflectively in both real and simulated clinical practice. Although the Reflective Thinking instrument is reliable in its measurement of reflective thinking, its validity is unknown. Method: confirmatory factor analysis was undertaken in an iterative manner within a non-equivalent control-group study to measure nursing students’ reflective thinking and satisfaction with high-fidelity simulation. The validity and reliability of the Reflective Thinking instrument was tested. Results: the resulting instrument consisted of 15 items across four factors. The final model was plausible as it demonstrated ‘goodness of fit’; however, it had neither convergent or discriminatory validity, nor reliability. Internal consistency was fair to reasonable for the four subscales. Conclusion: the testing of the Reflective Thinking instrument using confirmatory factor analysis is a vital initial step in the modification of this instrument. Further development using exploratory factor analysis will enhance the instrument’s relevance within high-fidelity simulation. 相似文献
53.
How should we evaluate research on counselling and the treatment of depression? A case study on how the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's draft 2018 guideline for depression considered what counts as best evidence
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Michael Barkham Naomi P. Moller Joanne Pybis 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2017,17(4):253-268
54.
Timm Lampert 《逻辑史和逻辑哲学》2017,38(3):239-262
This paper systematically outlines Wittgenstein's ab-notation. The purpose of this notation is to provide a proof procedure in which ordinary logical formulas are converted into ideal symbols that identify the logical properties of the initial formulas. The general ideas underlying this procedure are in opposition to a traditional conception of axiomatic proof and are related to Peirce's iconic logic. Based on Wittgenstein's scanty remarks concerning his ab-notation, which almost all apply to propositional logic, this paper explains how to extend his method to a subset of first-order formulas, namely, formulas that do not contain dyadic sentential connectives within the scope of any quantifier. 相似文献
55.
Naomi Alderson 《Philosophical Psychology》2017,30(5):645-656
Recent findings in empirical psychology show that implicit biases can affect behavior in ways that are difficult to control deliberatively. Doris argues that findings like these constitute a threat to agency, if agency is defined as the ability to reflectively, deliberatively direct one’s actions. I argue, however, that implicit biases pose no fundamental threat to agency since they can be brought under indirect deliberative control, whereby deliberative, reflective actions put in place automatic processes that automatically inhibit unwanted biases. Since automatic processes can be thus used to achieve deliberatively, reflectively endorsed goals, agency should be defined as the ability to act in line with reflectively endorsed goals, whether by deliberative or automatic processes. 相似文献
56.
Timm Lampert 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2017,25(2):389-400
Newton claims to have proven the heterogeneity of light through his experimentum crucis. However, Olaf Müller has worked out in detail Goethe’s idea that one could likewise prove the heterogeneity of darkness by inverting Newton’s famous experiment. Müller concludes that this invalidates Newton’s claim of proof. Yet this conclusion only holds if the heterogeneity of light and the heterogeneity of darkness is logically incompatible. This paper shows that this is not the case. Instead, in Quine’s terms, we have two logically compatible theories based on mutually irreducible theoretical terms. From a Quinean point of view, this does no harm to the provability of the corresponding statements. 相似文献
57.
58.
Psychometric properties of the Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments with a juvenile justice sample 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article describes the psychometric properties of the Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments, the revised version of Grisso's Miranda instruments. The original instruments demonstrated good reliability and validity in a normative sample. The revised instruments updated the content of the original instruments and were administered to a sample of 183 youth in pre- and postadjudication facilities. Analyses were conducted to establish the psychometric properties of the revised instruments and included similar analyses to those conducted by Grisso, as well as additional calculations (e.g., standard errors of measurement, intraclass correlation coefficients, Kappa coefficients). Results revealed sound psychometric properties, similar to those observed for the original instruments. 相似文献
59.
Vivanti G McCormick C Young GS Abucayan F Hatt N Nadig A Ozonoff S Rogers SJ 《Developmental psychology》2011,47(3):841-856
Typically developing children understand and predict others' behavior by extracting and processing relevant information such as the logic of their actions within the situational constraints and the intentions conveyed by their gaze direction and emotional expressions. Children with autism have difficulties understanding and predicting others' actions. With the use of eye tracking and behavioral measures, we investigated action understanding mechanisms used by 18 children with autism and a well-matched group of 18 typically developing children. Results showed that children with autism (a) consider situational constraints in order to understand the logic of an agent's action and (b) show typical usage of the agent's emotional expressions to infer his or her intentions. We found (c) subtle atypicalities in the way children with autism respond to an agent's direct gaze and (d) marked impairments in their ability to attend to and interpret referential cues such as a head turn for understanding an agent's intentions. 相似文献
60.
Lei Shi Thomas L. Griffiths Naomi H. Feldman Adam N. Sanborn 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(4):443-464
Probabilistic models have recently received much attention as accounts of human cognition. However, most research in which
probabilistic models have been used has been focused on formulating the abstract problems behind cognitive tasks and their
optimal solutions, rather than on mechanisms that could implement these solutions. Exemplar models are a successful class
of psychological process models in which an inventory of stored examples is used to solve problems such as identification,
categorization, and function learning. We show that exemplar models can be used to perform a sophisticated form of Monte Carlo
approximation known as importance sampling and thus provide a way to perform approximate Bayesian inference. Simulations of Bayesian inference in speech perception,
generalization along a single dimension, making predictions about everyday events, concept learning, and reconstruction from
memory show that exemplar models can often account for human performance with only a few exemplars, for both simple and relatively
complex prior distributions. These results suggest that exemplar models provide a possible mechanism for implementing at least
some forms of Bayesian inference. 相似文献