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981.
Nancy S. Hemmes Bruce L. Brown James J. Jakubow Soledad Cabeza de Vaca 《Learning and motivation》1997,28(4):542-557
Elimination of autoshaped responding by random or negatively-contingent response-reductive procedures may leave a previously acquired association intact; however, two previous studies suggest that response elimination by backward conditioning may have more permanent effects. In Experiments 1 and 3, the autoshaped responding of pigeons was eliminated by a backward or negative contingency. Although speed of recovery during a subsequent extinction phase was greater following the backward contingency in Experiment 3, level of recovery did not differ as a function of response elimination procedure in either experiment. A possible basis for the discrepancy between the present and previous findings is the contingency arranged between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS and US, respectively) during forward conditioning. In Experiments 1 and 2, probability of US presentation following the CS (p(US|CS) = 0.4 or 1.0) was varied within (Experiment 1) or between (Experiment 2) groups of birds. In both cases, level of recovery was higher following training under (p(US|CS) = 0.4). The results are consistent with a memory retrieval theory in which unreinforced trials function as a retrieval cue for not responding. 相似文献
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984.
Suzanne C. Thompson Nancy I. Bundek Alexandria Sobolew-Shubin 《Journal of applied social psychology》1990,20(2):115-129
Caregivers of the elderly and infirm are often under more stress and report lower life satisfaction than matched groups of noncaregivers. Forty caregivers of stroke patients (usually a spouse) were interviewed an average of 9 months poststroke to determine the factors associated with poorer caregiver adjustment. Four classes of variables were expected to be related to depression in caregivers: level of functioning of the patient, caregiver perceptions of increased work and burden due to the stroke, the quality of the patient-caregiver relationship, and caregivers' interpretations of their situation. Background characteristics were also measured. As predicted, variables in each class were significantly related to depression. Multiple regression analysis showed three significant independent predictors of caregiver depression. Caregivers are more depressed if the patient is more physically impaired, if caregivers report disharmony in the family, and if they have lesser perceptions of hope Ways to apply these findings to the development of interventions to ameliorate caregiver depression are discussed. 相似文献
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986.
论数学能力的研究与认知理论的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文对关于数学能力的实质的心理学研究作了历史的回顾,其中包括心理计量学、认知科学和心理学中的认知发展等几个领域的研究工作。文中揭示了在这几个领域的研究中存在着的几个共同问题。作者认为需要假借这些不同的研究领域中的研究方法,创造新的信息加工的方法以揭示数学能力及其发展的实质。 相似文献
987.
The curiosity behaviors of 20 hyperactive boys, both on and off stimulant drugs, and in relation to 20 nonhyperactive boys, were assessed. Comparisons on object, manipulative, conceptual, perceptual, and reactive curiosity tasks indicated that stimulants reduced only the object curiosity task performance of hyperactive boys, although the level tended to remain above that of nonhyperactive boys. Also, hyperactive boys both on and off drugs tended to have lower conceptual curiosity scores than controls. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
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A stimulus-sampling model of recognition memory is presented that predicts both proactive and retroactive interference. To test the predictions of the model, a recognition memory experiment was carried out using a standard proactive-retroactive design with a forced-choice task. Both accuracy and latency were measured. The data showed, as predicted, equal proactive and retroactive effects on accuracy, providing solid support for the model. The interference effects are interpreted in terms of the model as arising from an increase in indirect marking, the marking of shared stimulus elements in words other than the study word. The model has two parameters representing the rate of indirect marking for high-frequency and low-frequency words and two parameters reflecting the efficiency of direct marking. The latency results completely paralleled the accuracy findings, showing proactive and retroactive effects. A possible extension of the model to handle latencies is considered. 相似文献