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951.
Nancy Cartwright 《Erkenntnis》2009,70(1):45-58
This paper argues that even when simple analogue models picture parallel worlds, they generally still serve as isolating tools.
But there are serious obstacles that often stop them isolating in just the right way. These are obstacles that face any model
that functions as a thought-experiment but they are especially pressing for economic models because of the paucity of economic
principles. Because of the paucity of basic principles, economic models are rich in structural assumptions. Without these
no interesting conclusions can be drawn. This, however, makes trouble when it comes to exporting conclusions from the model
to the world. One uncontroversial constraint on induction from special cases is to beware of extending conclusions to situations
that we know are different in relevant respects. In the case of economic models it is clear by inspection that the unrealistic
structural assumptions of the model are intensely relevant to the conclusion. Any inductive leap to a real situation seems
a bad bet.
相似文献
Nancy CartwrightEmail: |
952.
Infants rapidly accrue information via imitation from multiple sources, including television and electronic toys. In two experiments, we examined whether adding sound effects to video or live demonstrations would influence imitation by 6-, 12-, and 18-month-olds. In Experiment 1, we added matching and mismatching sound effects to target actions presented by a televised model. We found that 6-month-olds reproduced the target actions regardless of whether the sound effects were matched or mismatched, whereas 12- and 18-month-olds reproduced the actions only when the sound effects were matched. In Experiment 2, we added matching sound effects to target actions presented by a live model. The addition of sound effects disrupted imitation performance by 6-, 12-, and 18-month-olds. Overall, imitation provides a clear behavioral measure of rapid changes in learning from television and electronic toys during infancy. These findings have practical implications for producers and parents regarding learning in the digital age and theoretical implications regarding the development of integrated action-perception representational systems. 相似文献
953.
When making source attributions, people tend to attribute desirable statements to reliable sources and undesirable statements
to unreliable sources, a phenomenon known as the wishful thinking effect (Gordon, Franklin, & Beck, 2005). In the present study, we examined the influence of wishful thinking on source monitoring
for self-relevant information. On one hand, wishful thinking is expected, because self-relevant desires are presumably strong.
However, self-relevance is known to confer a memory advantage and may thus provide protection from desire-based biases. In
Experiment 1, source memory for self-relevant information was contrasted against source memory for information relevant to
others and for neutral information. Results indicated that self-relevant information was affected by wishful thinking and
was remembered more accurately than was other information. Experiment 2 showed that the magnitude of the self-relevant wishful
thinking effect did not increase with a delay. 相似文献
954.
955.
The purpose of this study was to examine for ethnocultural differences in how adherence to a variety of Asian American values predict differentiation of self in a sample of 371 Asian and 164 Caucasian college students and adults living in North America. As a part of a larger project, participants completed both the Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional and the Differentiation of Self Revised scale to assess levels of adherence to cultural values and differentiation of self, respectively. Results indicated that there were significant differences between the two cultural groups in the relationship between adherence to Asian American values and differentiation of self. Regression results further supported the hypothesis that specific Asian American values accounted for significant amount of variance in differentiation of self in Asian college students and adults living in North America. Implications for theory, clinical practice, and future research are included. 相似文献
956.
Eileen K. Graham Sara J. Weston Denis Gerstorf Tomiko B. Yoneda Tom Booth Christopher R. Beam Andrew J. Petkus Johanna Drewelies Andrew N. Hall Emily D. Bastarache Ryne Estabrook Mindy J. Katz Nicholas A. Turiano Ulman Lindenberger Jacqui Smith Gert G. Wagner Nancy L. Pedersen Mathias Allemand Avron Spiro III Dorly J.H. Deeg Boo Johansson Andrea M. Piccinin Richard B. Lipton K. Warner Schaie Sherry Willis Chandra A. Reynolds Ian J. Deary Scott M. Hofer Daniel K. Mroczek 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(3):301-321
This study assessed change in self-reported Big Five personality traits. We conducted a coordinated integrative data analysis using data from 16 longitudinal samples, comprising a total sample of over 60 000 participants. We coordinated models across multiple datasets and fit identical multi-level growth models to assess and compare the extent of trait change over time. Quadratic change was assessed in a subset of samples with four or more measurement occasions. Across studies, the linear trajectory models revealed declines in conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness. Non-linear models suggested late-life increases in neuroticism. Meta-analytic summaries indicated that the fixed effects of personality change are somewhat heterogeneous and that the variability in trait change is partially explained by sample age, country of origin, and personality measurement method. We also found mixed evidence for predictors of change, specifically for sex and baseline age. This study demonstrates the importance of coordinated conceptual replications for accelerating the accumulation of robust and reliable findings in the lifespan developmental psychological sciences. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
957.
In the present study, 119 high school boys and 79 institutionalized delinquent boys of the same age range were assessed on their own aggressive behavior and on their tendencies to attribute social failure to controllable, external, stable causes, anticipate a hostile affective response, and endorse aggressive behavioral responses to by pothetical social situations. While the two populations of boys did not differ detectably in their attributional tendencies, the relations between an individual's aggressiveness and an individual's attributions differed considerably across the two populations. In particular, among deliquent but not among delinquent but not among nondelinquent boys, the tendency to attribute one's social failures to stable and controllable causes predicted stronger hostile emotional responses to failure and a tendency to endorse physically aggressive responses following such failure. These hostile emotional responses to failure and this preference for a physically aggressive response, in turn, predicted greater actual aggression within the population of delinquent boys. Neither of these links could be demonstrated for nondelinquent boys. However, in the nondelinquent sample, attributing social failure to external and controllable causes predicted endorsement of aggressive responses only indirectly through increased hostile affect. It was concluded that the specific relations between cognitive and affective responses to social failure may be a contributing factor to the serious physical aggression displayed by some delinquents and to the less serious aggression of nondelinquents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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The relationships among early stress, maternal social network supports, and mother-infant functioning during later infancy were explored in a group of 52 mothers and their high-risk premature infants. Maternal stress and support data were collected 1 month after infants were released from the hospital, and measures of parenting, mother-infant interaction, infant social and developmental competence, and infant attachment were collected at infant corrected ages of 8 and 12 months. Results indicated that stress and support from various ecological sources, including professionals, were related to parent and infant outcomes at both measurement occasions. Varying sources of support differentially predicted varying parent and infant measures where support had a stress buffering effect only under certain conditions. Professional support was found to account for significant amounts of variance in relation to some parenting factors beyond that attributable to other support sources. The results are discussed within the context of previous support findings and in relation to transactional models of high-risk infant development. 相似文献