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231.
Coping with stress is a major focus for chemically dependent persons in relapse prevention programs. The relationships among
coping and psychological distress were investigated in 71 men with substance use disorders, at both pre—and post-treatment.
It was predicted that low task-oriented coping, high emotion-oriented coping, and high avoidance-oriented coping would predict
psychological distress (e.g., anxiety and depression). It was also expected that use of task-oriented coping would increase
following treatment and that use of emotion-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping, and reported levels of psychological
distress would all decrease following treatment. Participants completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations and
the General Health Questionnaire, took part in an intensive treatment program (e.g., relaxation, drug education, stress management)
and completed these questionnaires again following treatment. Results indicated that high emotion-oriented coping predicted
hypochondriasis, anxiety and depression. Task-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping did not predict psychological distress,
although task-oriented coping was negatively related to hypochondriasis, anxiety and depression. The results regarding change
in coping styles and levels of psychological distress were as hypothesized, except that avoidance-oriented coping did not
significantly change following treatment. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed. 相似文献
232.
Sources of variability in sequelae of very low birth weight. 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
H Gerry Taylor Christopher J Burant Penny A Holding Nancy Klein Maureen Hack 《Child neuropsychology》2002,8(3):163-178
Few investigations have examined the specificity of sequelae of very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) or sources of variability in outcome. To better understand the nature and determinants of outcome, we assessed neuropsychological and achievement skills at mean age 11 years in 62 children with <750 g birth weight, 54 with 750-1499 g birth weight, and 66 term-born controls. Distinct cognitive constructs were identified by factor analysis, and the three birthweight groups were compared on these constructs and on composite measures of achievement. Although the group with <750 g birth weight performed less well on all tests than term-born controls, group differences in a perceptual planning factor and in mathematics remained even when IQ was controlled, and deficits were more pronounced in mathematics than in reading. Results from structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypothesis that neuropsychological skills mediated the relationship between birth weight and achievement. The findings confirm the differential deficit hypothesis, support the need to consider multiple sources of variability in VLBW outcomes, and highlight the importance of neuropsychological constructs in developing an explanatory framework. 相似文献
233.
Preventing School Violence by Promoting Wellness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nancy G. Guerra 《Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2003,5(2):139-154
This paper presents a framework for school-based health promotion and prevention programming that can serve to guide planning and action. Rather than separating specific prevention programs (such as violence prevention, substance abuse prevention, etc.) from more broad-based youth development efforts, this approach provides an integrated framework that: (a) identifies benchmarks of healthy development and strategies to support this development across contexts; (b) specifies additional factors that contribute to identified problems that are not directly linked to healthy development; and (c) provides for matching services to individual needs. Suggestions for application of this framework are discussed, with a particular focus on its application to the development of school-based Wellness Centers. 相似文献
234.
Cumberland-Li Amanda Eisenberg Nancy Champion Claire Gershoff Elizabeth Fabes Richard A. 《Motivation and emotion》2003,27(1):27-56
The purpose of this study was to test relations between parental temperamental emotionality and regulation or related personality characteristics and parental behavior, children's regulation, and children's social functioning. Mothers and fathers reported on their own personality and/or temperament and expressivity in the family (mothers only); parents and teachers rated children (71 girls and 99 boys; M age = 73 months) on their temperamental regulation, social competence, and problem behavior. Mothers also were observed interacting with their child, and behavioral measures of children's regulation were obtained. In general, high parental regulation and low negative emotionality were associated with positive developmental outcomes in children and more positive parental behaviors, and mothers' expression of positive emotion in the family mediated some of the relations of their dispositions to children's socioemotional functioning. 相似文献
235.
Activation of Political Attitudes: A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James P. Morris Nancy K. Squires Charles S. Taber Milton Lodge 《Political psychology》2003,24(4):727-745
The recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the brain has allowed for a better understanding of human sensory and cognitive processing. This technique may also prove useful in studying implicit social attitudes and their effects on information processing. Here, ERPs were used in a study of "hot cognition" in the context of political concepts. Hot cognition, as applied to the political domain, posits that all sociopolitical concepts that have been evaluated in the past are affectively charged, and that this affective charge is automatically activated from long-term memory within milliseconds of presentation of the political stimulus. During an evaluative priming task, ERP recordings showed that affectively incongruent prime/target pairs elicited an enhanced negativity with a peak latency of about 400 milliseconds relative to affectively congruent prime/target pairs. These differences suggest that automatic, implicit evaluations were made in response to strongly positive and negative political stimuli, and that these evaluations affected the subsequent processing of a high-valence adjective. Therefore, it appears that the emotional valence of a political prime is stored along with the concept itself, and that an affective response becomes active upon mere exposure to the political stimulus. 相似文献
236.
This paper represents an attempt toward reconciling contemporary changes in psychoanalytic understandings of female development, particularly in respect to separation issues, with their clinical applications to female patients. Psychoanalytic thinking typically has categorized separation conflicts as pre‐oedipal, but the authors suggest that these are an integral part of the triangular situation of the girl. The authors argue that an allegiance to erroneous theory and/or individual blind spots have led to the infantilization, pre‐oedipalization or cultural stereotyping of females, which constrains the effectiveness of their analyses. The authors present a selected review of the literature on gender‐based countertransference biases in both male and female analysts, with reference to female ‘oedipal’ material. Analytic case material of two women is presented which demonstrates how theoretical misperceptions and countertransferences to triangular separation conflicts can produce an impediment to progression in analysis. 相似文献
237.
238.
239.
Ralph R. Miller Carolyn Greco Nancy A. Marlin Mary Ann Balaz 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1985,37(2):81-100
Events occurring during the retention intervals for a 5-min delayed alternation task were used to investigate the factors that influence retroactive interference. Appetitive reinforcement in an E-maze was employed to train rats on the delayed alternation task consisting of a forced-choice (target event) trial followed by a free-choice (test) trial. Occasional probe trials added a potentially interfering event either at the beginning, middle, or end of the retention period. These events also varied in similarity to the target events, ranging from low similarity to the converse of the target event. Interference increased both with the interval between the target and intervening events and with the similarity between the converse of the target event and the intervening event; however, there was no tendency, significant or otherwise, towards an interaction between stimulus similarity and the interval between the target and intervening events. Control groups demonstrated that the interference was of an associative nature and that the interval between the intervening event and the test trial was little consequence. These results are discussed in terms of two separate types of interference: similarity interference which depends on stimulus similarity of the intervening event to the converse of the target event but not on the temporal location of the intervening event, and processing interference which depends on the temporal location of the intervening event but not on its similarity to the converse of the target event. 相似文献
240.