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931.
Bedard AC Huether CA Shooner K Buncher CR Warren NS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):645-653
Research is important to validate clinical services, provide information on the effectiveness of practice techniques, and
develop the knowledge base of a clinical profession. Genetic counseling students from American Board of Genetic Counseling
(ABGC) accredited training programs were surveyed to determine their career research interests and interest in pursuing a
hypothetical doctoral degree in genetic counseling. Genetic counseling program directors were surveyed to assess the emphasis
on research training within their programs. A substantial number (46%, n = 92) of genetic counseling students are interested in performing research in their careers and many (40%, n = 80) would pursue a doctoral degree in genetic counseling if it was available. Students and directors from programs with
a thesis requirement reported a significantly higher emphasis on career research preparation than those from programs without
a thesis requirement. The results of this study indicate that future genetic counselors are interested in contributing to
the research base that will advance the field. This study suggests a need to strengthen research training within ABGC accredited
graduate programs and explore the development of a doctoral degree option in genetic counseling. 相似文献
932.
Abbeduto L Brady N Kover ST 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2007,13(1):36-46
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited cause of mental retardation. In this article, we review what is known about the language and related problems of individuals with FXS. In doing so, we focus on the syndrome-specific features of the language phenotype and on the organismic (i.e., genetic and individual neurocognitive and behavioral) and environmental factors associated with within-syndrome variation in the phenotype. We also briefly review those aspects of the behavioral phenotype of FXS that are relevant for understanding syndrome-specific features of, and within-syndrome variability in, language. The review includes summaries of research on the prelinguistic foundations for language development and on each of the major components of language (i.e., vocabulary, morphosyntax, and pragmatics). Throughout the review, we point out implications of existing research for intervention as well as directions for future research. 相似文献
933.
Benjamin J. Morasco Jeremiah Weinstock David M. Ledgerwood Nancy M. Petry 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2007,14(2):208-217
This paper describes qualitative data regarding psychological factors that may affect gambling behavior among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Participants (n = 84) diagnosed with pathological gambling were treated in a clinical trial examining the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Qualitative data were collected from participants during each of 8 structured CBT sessions. Specific gambling-related psychological factors that were assessed include triggers, consequences, high-risk situations, craving experiences, assertiveness skills, cognitive distortions, and coping strategies. The most commonly reported triggers for gambling were lack of structured time and negative emotional state, which were similar to the high-risk times for gambling. The most frequently listed positive consequences of gambling were enjoyment associated with winning and use of gambling as an escape. Negative consequences of gambling included depressed mood, financial problems, and conflict with family. Coping strategies changed during treatment, as participants reported relying less upon avoidance and distraction, and became better able to utilize support networks and cognitive coping skills. These data are important to better understand the factors associated with the development, maintenance, and cessation of pathological gambling. 相似文献
934.
935.
In this study, the authors examined (a) the effect of changes in the need to eat on expressed preferences for foods that are appropriate for different times of day and (b) whether that need is directed toward food in general or foods contextually appropriate to the time of day. Previous findings suggest that, when the goal is active relative to when it is inactive, items relevant to satisfying a goal increase in value but items unrelated to that goal decrease in value. The authors observed that, when people needed to eat, they sought foods that are contextually appropriate to the time of day of the study. Hence, the goal they sought to fulfill was narrower than seeking foods in general. 相似文献
936.
Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may complicate and reduce the effectiveness of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). This study assessed trauma history and symptoms of simple and complex PTSD at baseline in a randomized trial of contingency management (CM) compared to standard treatment (ST) with 142 cocaine- or heroin-dependent outpatients. History of exposure to each of eight types of psychological trauma was unrelated to treatment outcome, except for witnessed assaults and emotional abuse. Complex PTSD symptoms were inversely associated with short-term treatment outcomes, and PTSD symptoms were positively related to long-term outcome, independent of the effects of demographics, psychological distress, baseline substance use status, and treatment modality. Complex PTSD symptoms warrant further study as a potential negative prognostic factor in SUD interventions. 相似文献
937.
People know thousands of words in their native language, and each of these words must be learned at some time in the person's lifetime. A large number of these words will be learned when the person is an adult, reflecting the fact that the mental lexicon is continuously changing. We explore how new words get added to the mental lexicon, and provide empirical support for a theoretical distinction between what we call lexical configuration and lexical engagement. Lexical configuration is the set of factual knowledge associated with a word (e.g., the word's sound, spelling, meaning, or syntactic role). Almost all previous research on word learning has focused on this aspect. However, it is also critical to understand the process by which a word becomes capable of lexical engagement--the ways in which a lexical entry dynamically interacts with other lexical entries, and with sublexical representations. For example, lexical entries compete with each other during word recognition (inhibition within the lexical level), and they also support the activation of their constituents (top-down lexical-phonemic facilitation, and lexically-based perceptual learning). We systematically vary the learning conditions for new words, and use separate measures of lexical configuration and engagement. Several surprising dissociations in behavior demonstrate the importance of the theoretical distinction between configuration and engagement. 相似文献
938.
The authors investigated subgroup differences on a multiple-choice and constructed-response test of scholastic achievement in a sample of 197 African American and 258 White test takers. Although both groups had lower mean scores on the constructed-response test, the results showed a 39% reduction in subgroup differences compared with the multiple-choice test. The results demonstrate that the lower subgroup differences were explained by more favorable test perceptions for African Americans on the constructed-response test. In addition, the two test formats displayed comparable levels of criterion-related validity. The results suggest that the constructed-response test format may be a viable alternative to the traditional multiple-choice test format in efforts to simultaneously use valid predictors of performance and minimize subgroup differences in high-stakes testing. 相似文献
939.
Umphress EE Smith-Crowe K Brief AP Dietz J Watkins MB 《The Journal of applied psychology》2007,92(2):396-409
Although similarity-attraction notions suggest that similarity--for example, in terms of values, personality, and demography--attracts, the authors found that sometimes demographic similarity attracts and sometimes it repels. Consistent with social dominance theory (J. Sidanius & F. Pratto, 1999), they demonstrated in 3 studies that when prospective employees supported group-based social hierarchies (i.e., were high in social dominance orientation), those in high-status groups were attracted to demographic similarity within an organization, whereas those in low-status groups were repelled by it. An important theoretical implication of the findings is that social dominance theory and traditional similarity-attraction notions together help explain a more complex relationship between demographic similarity and attraction than was previously acknowledged in the organizational literature. 相似文献
940.
Modern theories conceptualize visual selective attention as a competition between objects for the control of cortical receptive fields (RFs). Implicit in this framework is the suggestion that spatially proximal objects, which draw from overlapping pools of RFs, should be more difficult to represent in parallel and with excess capacity than spatially separated objects. The present experiments tested this prediction using analysis of response time distributions in a redundant-targets letter identification task. Data revealed that excess-capacity parallel processing is possible when redundant targets are widely separated within the visual field, but that capacity is near fixed when targets are adjacent. Even at the largest separations tested, however, processing capacity remained strongly limited. 相似文献