压力下一搏：压力如何影响个体风险寻求

压力促使个体风险寻求已得到许多研究的验证和支持, 但对于该现象背后的根本机制缺乏深入探讨和整合。模型指出, 压力诱发认知资源损耗和心理需要失衡, 导致个体执行控制功能减弱, 奖赏寻求增加, 这两者引起对风险选项价值的高估、风险感知的降低和启发式决策策略的使用, 最终导致风险寻求。期望效用论、预期理论、双系统理论和风险敏感理论的视角能各有侧重地解析模型中的路径。最后, 基于模型梳理了边界条件, 并提出未来可关注压力下执行功能、认知和情绪的交互以及慢性压力的影响和调控。     

The Influence of Religion and Spirituality on HIV Prevention Among Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men,New York City

Journal of Religion and Health - The influence of religion and spirituality (R/S) on HIV prevention has been understudied, especially for Black and/or Latino men who have sex with men (BLMSM), who...     

Ethical and Legal Issues Addressing the Use of Mobile Health (mHealth) as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy

mHealth refers to the rapidly evolving use of mobile devices for health care treatment purposes, particularly the use of apps and texting as adjuncts to psychotherapy. Although there is currently an extensive literature on issues related to telehealth, to date little guidance has been developed to help professionals function ethically in the rapidly emerging area of mHealth. This article identifies the major ethical considerations that need attention and proposes several recommendations to address mHealth use as an adjunct to psychotherapy, including the pressing need for relevant American Psychological Association practice guidelines to assist mental health providers in the ethical implementation of mHealth.     

非那雄胺与前列腺癌发病率及病理分级的Meta分析

应用Meta分析法对有关非那雄胺与前列腺癌发病率及病理分级关系的研究进行综合评价。符合标准的8篇文献进行Meta分析,计算比值比（OR）、95％可信区间（95％C1）。结果8篇文献,无异质性（Q=6．26,P=0．51）,非那雄胺治疗组降低前列腺癌发病风险高于对照组,合并OR值为0．68（95％CI：0．65～O．71...     

非那雄胺与前列腺癌发病率及病理分级的Meta分析

应用Meta分析法对有关非那雄胺与前列腺癌发病率及病理分级关系的研究进行综合评价.符合标准的8篇文献进行Meta分析,计算比值比(OR),95%可信区间(95%C1).结果8篇文献,无异质性(Q=6.26,P=0.51),非那雄胺治疗组降低前列腺癌发病风险高于对照组,合并OR值为0.68(95%CI:0.65～0.71,Z=17.16,P=0.00).Egge:检验提示无发表偏倚(P=O.21).对前列腺癌病理分级进行分组,非那雄胺治疗组前高于对照组.合并OR值为2.16(95%CI:1.97～2.36,Z=16.93,P=0.00).非那雄胺治疗前列腺增生能降低前列腺癌的发病风险,也能使发生的前列腺癌的病理级别增高.     

痛苦共情的功能性核磁共振成像研究述评

对他人痛苦的共情是指自动模拟受痛者的情感和运动状态,以及在自我-他人区分的基础上替代性地分享和理解他人由于受痛所引发的情绪状态.痛苦共情的fMRI研究常用图片诱导范式和线索诱导范式.痛苦共情的神经机制,包括(1)疼痛矩阵(该区域在个体自身受痛时也会激活)和(2)观点采择的相关脑区.痛苦共情的水平会受到实验范式和任务,以及共情者对于受痛者态度两方面因素的共同影响.加强应用研究和推出新型范式是痛苦共情研究的当务之急.     

The temporal dimension of national identification: An empirical investigation in South Korea and Australia

We argue that national identification can be framed temporally, such that people may differently identify with their nation's past or present. Further, we argue that temporal national identification has important consequences for attitudes towards social changes. Within this new theoretical framing, we tested the empirical separability and predictive utility of past national identification and present national identification in South Korea and Australia. Results showed that, in both countries, past and present national identifications are correlated but empirically distinct constructs, which independently contribute to general national identification. Past and present national identifications were also shown to be grounded in distinct notions of national continuity. Most importantly, in both countries, present national identification positively predicted favourable attitudes towards social changes and globalization, whereas past national identification negatively predicted these attitudes. These findings suggest that temporally framed national identification is an important construct in the domain of social identification and in research on social changes and globalization.     

The Effect of Incentives upon Information Gathering in Diagnostic Problem Solving

Tasks reflecting both Level I and Level II abilities as defined by Jensen (6) were performed with more accuracy by preschool children identified in the upper SES level. This performance trend remained the same even after the variable of IQ was controlled for by covariance for the SES levels involved in the study.

These results may reflect a general state of cognitive deprivation for children in the lower SES level as opposed to a specific Level II deficit. However, the performance on Subtest 2 was not significantly different for the two socioeconomic groups involved. This subtest involves choosing, from an array of four pictures of objects, the picture that is conceptually similar to a stimulus picture presented to the youngster. This is supposedly a Level II task. Therefore, some doubt is cast upon the notion of the generic differences between Level I and Level II abilities. At least for the sample in this study the Level I-Level II dichotomy has not been substantiated, and the corollary Arthur Jensen (6) hypotheses have equivocal substantiation.     

Convergent Thinking Moderates the Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Scientific Creativity

Creativity plays an important role in human society as well as in individual development, and creativity in the domain of science is a specific form. A body of research had demonstrated the role of divergent thinking in creativity. The role of convergent thinking had also been recognized, but more empirical evidence was needed. To investigate the interaction between convergent and divergent thinking on adolescent scientific creativity, the current study tested 588 high school students. The results showed that convergent thinking interacted with fluency/flexibility of divergent thinking on scientific creativity. In particular, divergent thinking predicted creativity in those high in convergent thinking. Findings suggested a threshold-setting effect of convergent thinking, which meant only when convergent thinking capacity reached a certain level, divergent thinking could play a role in scientific creativity. Implications for future research and educational practice were discussed.     

Observed Personality in Childhood: Psychometric and Behavioural Genetic Evidence of Two Broad Personality Factors

We examined broad dimensions of children's personalities (total n = 1056; age = 3.5 to 12 years) based on observers' perceptions following a few hours of structured interaction. Siblings' behaviours during a 2‐hour cognitive assessment in the home were rated separately by two different observers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses clearly revealed a two‐factor solution in three different samples. There was correspondence between parent‐rated temperament and observer‐rated factors. Cross‐sectional analyses indicated lower Plasticity among older children and higher Stability among older children. Sex differences were negligible. Plasticity and Stability were correlated in the .2 to .3 range. Most of the sibling similarity in the Plasticity was due to additive genetic influences, whereas most sibling similarity in Stability was attributable to shared environmental influences. The findings implicate a biometric factor structure to childhood personality that fits well with emerging biosocial theories of personality development. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.