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91.
New Caledonian crows are the most proficient non-hominin tool manufacturers but the cognition behind their remarkable skills
remains largely unknown. Here we investigate if they attend to the functional properties of the tools that they routinely
use in the wild. Pandanus tools have natural barbs along one edge that enable them to function as hooking implements when
the barbs face backwards from the working tip. In experiment 1 we presented eight crows with either a non-functional (‘upside-down’)
or a functional pandanus tool in a baited hole. Four of the crows never flipped the tools. The behaviour of the four flipping
birds suggested that they had a strategy of flipping a tool when it was not working. Observations of two of the eight crows
picking up pandanus tools at feeding tables in the wild supported the lack of attention to barb direction. In experiment 2
we gave six of the eight crows a choice of either a barbed or a barbless pandanus tool. Five of the crows chose tools at random,
which further supported the findings in experiment 1 that the crows paid little or no attention to the barbs. In contrast,
a third experiment found that seven out of eight crows flipped non-functional stick tools significantly more than functional
ones. Our findings indicate that the crows do not consistently attend to the presence or orientation of barbs on pandanus
tools. Successful pandanus tool use in the wild seems to rely on behavioural strategies formed through associative learning,
including procedural knowledge about the sequence of operations required to make a successful pandanus tool.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
92.
Sarah Turner Neil Gibson Christine Bennetts Cheryl Hunt 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2008,8(3):174-181
This qualitative research study, focusing on the learning and change of two trainee therapists over a nine‐month period, was conducted by the trainees themselves. In collecting and analysing their data, the researchers made use of the heuristic methodology, to which some of the principles of the co‐operative inquiry methodology were added. The findings shed light on some of the ways in which trainee counsellors and psychotherapists might learn through their work with clients, the forms and contexts in which this learning may arise, and how the learning might affect the trainees. The findings additionally highlight some of the possible benefits of engaging in research for trainee counsellors and psychotherapists, in terms of their roles as practitioners. These include positive changes in the ways in which they work with clients, and changes in the ways they think about their practice. 相似文献
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Mary C. Kernan Courtney Shelton Hunt Donald E. Conlon 《Journal of applied social psychology》2007,37(1):143-162
In the negotiation literature, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact of negotiator goals and expectancy disconfirmations on negotiator behaviors and affective outcomes. We found that negotiators with larger negative expectancy disconfirmations were less satisfied; set lower targets for a subsequent negotiation; and were more likely to settle with the other party in the second negotiation, rather than requiring third-party imposition of a settlement. Those negotiators who settled had more positive feelings and perceptions about the negotiation and set higher targets for a third negotiation. Further, negotiators who experienced repeated high levels of negative expectancy disconfirmation also experienced the greatest decrements in their feelings and perceptions across negotiation episodes. Implications of study findings for future research are discussed. 相似文献
95.
浅谈心血管疾病预防的重要性和可操作性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
心血管疾病是人类死亡的主要病因,其危险因素包括吸烟、血脂异常、糖尿病、高血压、肥胖等。目前我国医务工作者限于治疗疾病,忽视疾病预防,这种模式过于被动,需要高昂的医疗支出。如果不做好心血管疾病的预防工作,将会极大影响国民经济增长。因此改善生活方式、预防心血管疾病发生,形成疾病预防模式就显得尤为重要,并具有可操作性。 相似文献
96.
"果报观"与中国传统医学伦理道德 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
选取因果报应观念促进中国古代医者道德行为做为考察对象,细致展示其在医学领域中所进行地一系列文本建构.透过这些历史文献的解读,观察"果报观"如何嵌入到中国传统医学伦理道德体系之中.结合古代社会情境,透析其思想来源,探究其在古代医学伦理道德体系中得以凸显的原因,从而汲取出有益于中国医学伦理道德提升的历史经验. 相似文献
97.
心理治疗中长期存在两种倾向:力图减少消极情绪、认为这样可以自动增加积极情绪。该文分析并总结了有关积极与消极情绪的关系及作用的实证研究和综述,主要得出三个结论:1)积极与消极情绪有三种关系:负相关、相互独立、部分重合,具体表现出哪种关系要视实际情况而定。2)过多的积极情绪对认知、行为、健康有消极作用。3)适当的消极情绪对认知、行为、健康有积极作用。因此,在进行心理治疗或研究时,应根据实际情况.明确对象并选择正确方法。 相似文献
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