数字加工的认知神经基础

数学作为人类最重要的发明,越来越引起认知神经科学家的重视与关注,究竟什么才是人类数学知识的脑基础？脑成像的研究已经证实了一个参与数学运算加工的神经网络,包括顶叶皮质、侧前额叶皮质、内前额叶皮质、和小脑。实验证明：人脑对于数字具有一种模拟表达,类似于将数量在脑内部作为一种内心的数字线上的点来操作。神经心理学的研究证实数字加工的这种数量表达分布于两半球,其优势区位于下顶叶皮质区。     

Gender disparities in common sense models of illness among myocardial infarction victims.

Symptom attributions were contrasted between male and female myocardial infarction victims (N = 157) who were comparable on age, cardiac risk status, medical history, symptom presentation, and other variables. Women were less likely than men to attribute their prehospital symptoms to cardiac causes. In the context of hearing symptom attributions or advice from support persons, women were less likely than men to report receiving a cardiac attribution or advice to seek medical attention. Results have implications for how victim gender influences the lay interpretation of cardiac symptoms.     

Social Distance,Framing, and Judgment: A Construal Level Perspective

Drawing upon construal level theory, this research investigates the influence of social distance on individuals’ responses to persuasive messages. Experiment 1 (N= 133) demonstrates that the persuasive impact of a gain frame becomes stronger when people make judgments for socially distant (e.g., others) versus proximal entities (e.g., selves). On the other hand, the persuasive impact of a loss frame remains the same across different levels of social distance. Experiment 2 (N= 135) shows that the persuasiveness of a societal frame becomes stronger when people make judgments for socially distant versus proximal entities, whereas the persuasiveness of an individual frame is unaffected by social distance. Experiment 3 (N= 80) provides evidence that mental salience of positive and societal outcomes of an action increases as social distance increases, whereas mental salience of negative and individual outcomes remains the same across different levels of social distance.     

Thomas P. Flint,Divine Providence: The Molinist Account

International Journal for Philosophy of Religion -     

药物成瘾行为的脑机制及其研究进展

药物成瘾是脑内相关核团和细胞在药物反复作用下发生适应性变化的时间依赖过程。成瘾的适应性学说从ｃＡＭＰ水平调节、阿片和多巴胺受体与Ｇ蛋白家族耦联等方面,为成瘾形成机制提供了最基本的生物学范畴的理论解释。实验证据在一定程度上揭示了从给药到耐受、敏感、依赖,再到撤药症状的生物变化过程。然而,阐明从急性给药到特殊脑区持续性的适应机制仍然是当前成瘾研究最具挑战性的目标之一。     

Towards ethical decision-making in counselling research

This paper explores the process of ethical decision-making in counselling research and asks the question: after following ethical guidelines, reviewing ethical principles and consulting codes of practice, to what extent is our decision-making based on intuitive thinking? The paper begins by examining Kitchener's model of ethical justification and the ethical principles upon which it rests. Bond's approach to ethical problem-solving is also considered. The second part of the paper explores the sequential decision-making process suggested by Gellatt, upon which both the Kitchener and Bond models seem to rest, and compares this with Gellatt's later revision of his model. The process by which we arrive at an ethical decision is then explored in relation to these. The final part of the paper argues that we reach ethical decisions through intuition, informed by ethical principles, codes of practice and reference to the laws of society. In order to safeguard the well-being of our clients and/or research participants, we need to be aware of this and offer up our decision-making process to the scrutiny of peers and the public at large. Although much of the paper explores this process at a general level, research undertaken into children's perception of stress will be used as an example.