Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and Mcdonald’s ω<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis></Subscript>: their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability

We make theoretical comparisons among five coefficients—Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, McDonald’s ω_h, and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Though many end users and psychometricians alike may not distinguish among these five coefficients, we demonstrate formally their nonequivalence. Specifically, whereas there are conditions under which α, β, and ω_h are equivalent to each other and to one of the two conceptualizations of reliability considered here, we show that equality with this conceptualization of reliability and between α and ω_h holds only under a highly restrictive set of conditions and that the conditions under which β equals ω_h are only somewhat more general. The nonequivalence of α, β, and ω_h suggests that important information about the psychometric properties of a scale may be missing when scale developers and users only report α as is almost always the casePreparation of this article was supported by the Patricia M Nielsen Research Chair of the Family Institute at Northwestern UniversityWe thank Lewis R. Goldberg, Win Hill, Dan McAdams, Tony Z. Tang and especially Roderick P. McDonald for their comments on earlier drafts of portions of this articleThis revised article was published online in August 2005 with the PDF paginated correctly.     

Monologic and Dialogic Styles of Argumentation: A Bakhtinian Analysis of Academic Debates between Mainland China and Taiwan

This study applies the concept of reported speech advanced by the renowned Russian literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin to compare the argumentative styles of Mainland China and Taiwan. These societies in question are considered by many scholars as sharing the same argumentative style. The study reports that the Mainland debaters more frequently than the Taiwanese debaters maintained the authenticity of the quotations cited from ancient Confucian sources, whereas Taiwanese debaters paraphrased more frequently. On the other hand, this difference cannot be found when debaters quoted from sources other than Ancient Confucians. The findings, according to Bakhtin, imply a contrast of monologic and dialogic tendencies toward authority, which results in a style difference between Mainland and Taiwan argumentation.     

论中国近现代的文化激进主义

“文化自由主义”与“文化激进主义”在内涵外延上有诸多交叉重叠,因此可以合并为一个概念。中国近现代语境中的“文化激进主义”主要指“西化主义”和“反传统主义”,但由于西化和反传统的程度不同,又可以区分为“萌芽的文化激进主义”、“温和的文化激进主义”和“典型的文化激进主义”。本文尝试对这些不同层面或类型的文化激进主义进行爬梳和厘析。     

Family Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Gender Differences in Taiwanese Teenagers’ Perception of Parental Rearing Behaviors

Journal of Child and Family Studies - This study investigated Taiwanese middle school students’ perceptions of their parents’ rearing behaviors, examining the gender invariance of the...     

成熟对青春期型反社会行为的影响

Moffitt的反社会行为发展理论将反社会行为分为两种类型, 即终身型和青春期型, 其中, 青春期型反社会行为在青少年群体中发生的频率更高, 它一般在青春期早期产生, 在青春期晚期或成年期早期结束, 青春期个体的发育成熟会对青春期型反社会行为产生影响。成熟包括生理成熟和心理成熟两方面, 生理成熟或心理成熟的单独影响和共同影响均从不同角度解释了青春期型反社会行为的产生、发展和停止：生理成熟对青春期型反社会行为具有发展和强化作用; 心理成熟对青春期型反社会行为具有减缓和削弱作用; 生理成熟与心理成熟的交互作用减弱或强化了青春期型反社会行为; 生理成熟与心理成熟之间的成熟差距抑制了青春期型反社会行为。未来的研究还需就拓展不同类型成熟的研究、改进成熟度的计算方法、结合青少年成熟特点进行有针对性干预等方面进行更多的尝试和探索。     

Memory guidance in distractor suppression is governed by the availability of cognitive control

Information stored in the memory systems can affect visual search. Previous studies have shown that holding the to-be-ignored features of distractors in working memory (WM) could accelerate target selection. However, such facilitation effect was only observed when the cued to-be-ignored features remained unchanged within an experimental block (i.e., the fixed cue condition). No search benefit was obtained if the to-be-ignored features varied from trial to trial (i.e., the varied cue condition). In the present study, we conducted three behavioral experiments to investigate whether the WM and long-term memory (LTM) representations of the to-be-ignored features could facilitate visual search in the fixed cue (Experiment 1) and varied cue (Experiments 2 and 3) conditions. Given the importance of the processing time of cognitive control in distractor suppression, we divided visual search trials into five quintiles based on their reaction times (RTs) and examined the temporal characteristics of the suppression effect. Results showed that both the WM and LTM representations of the to-be-ignored features could facilitate distractor suppression in the fixed cue condition, and the facilitation effects were evident across the quintiles in the RT distribution. However, in the varied cue condition, the RT benefits of the WM-matched distractors occurred only in the trials with the longest RTs, whereas no advantage of the LTM-matched distractors was observed. These results suggest that the effective WM-guided distractor suppression depends on the availability of cognitive control and the LTM-guided suppression occurs only if sufficient WM resource is accessible by LTM reactivation.     

An n-Player Semantic Game for an n + 1-Valued Logic

First we show that the classical two-player semantic game actually corresponds to a three-valued logic. Then we generalize this result and give an n-player semantic game for an n + 1-valued logic with n binary connectives, each associated with a player. We prove that player i has a winning strategy in game if and only if the truth value of is t _i in the model M, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n; and none of the players has a winning strategy in if and only if the truth value of is t ₀ in M.     

基于双眼视差的立体视觉去掩蔽效应

基于双眼视差的立体视觉不改变目标与掩蔽刺激之间的信噪比, 但能使不同的刺激被知觉在不同的深度位置上以降低目标信号所受到的掩蔽作用。本综述在总结前人双眼去掩蔽研究的基础上, 强调深度维度上的视觉注意在这种主观空间分离去掩蔽过程中所起的重要作用, 并介绍了双眼去掩蔽在现代科技领域中的典型性应用。最后, 结合听觉主观空间分离去掩蔽的研究进展, 本综述认为主观空间分离去掩蔽是大脑处理复杂刺激场景的一个基本功能。     

嗅知觉及其与情绪系统的交互

在人类的各种感觉通道中, 嗅觉尤其和情绪有着千丝万缕的联系。两者在种系发生进程中存在一定的亲缘关系, 在解剖结构上也高度重叠。气味天然带有情绪效价, 不管是在意识上还是意识下层面, 非社会性和社会性嗅觉信息都能对情绪产生影响, 反之情绪也能对嗅知觉产生作用。已有的神经影像研究显示嗅觉和情绪系统加工均涉及杏仁核、海马、脑岛以及眶额皮层等区域。与此同时, 非社会性和社会性嗅觉信息的编码和它们对情绪系统的作用方式也不尽相同。