Multiple trajectories of depressive symptoms in middle and late life: racial/ethnic variations

This research aims to identify distinct courses of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Americans and to ascertain how these courses vary by race/ethnicity. Data came from the 1995-2006 Health and Retirement Study which involved a national sample of 17,196 Americans over 50 years of age with up to six repeated observations. Depressive symptoms were measured by an abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Semiparametric group based mixture models (Proc Traj) were used for data analysis. Six major trajectories were identified: (a) minimal depressive symptoms (15.9%), (b) low depressive symptoms (36.3%), (c) moderate and stable depressive symptoms (29.2%), (d) high but decreasing depressive symptoms (6.6%), (e) moderate but increasing depressive symptoms (8.3%), and (f) persistently high depressive symptoms (3.6%). Adjustment of time-varying covariates (e.g., income and health conditions) resulted in a similar set of distinct trajectories. Relative to White Americans, Black and Hispanic Americans were significantly more likely to be in trajectories of more elevated depressive symptoms. In addition, they were more likely to experience increasing and decreasing depressive symptoms. Racial and ethnic variations in trajectory groups were partially mediated by SES, marital status, and health conditions, particularly when both interpersonal and intrapersonal differences in these variables were taken into account.     

濠梁之辩、摩尔悖论与唯我论

运用现代逻辑工具对《庄子》中的著名辩论濠梁之辩所包含的命题、论证和推理进行了分析,指出惠施在论辩中隐含使用或承认了某种唯我论命题,该命题将导出形如"φ且我不知道φ"这样的摩尔句,从而产生摩尔悖论。庄子通过反驳和"诡辩"的方式不自觉地触及了其悖论性所在。进一步,利用摩尔悖论表明:在合理的预设下,认识论的唯我论即使是真的,也是不可知的。本体论的唯我论比认识论的唯我论在逻辑上更加坚固。     

近视矫治手术的发展历程及启示

近视矫治手术是20世纪眼科领域的重大进展之一,现已进入到个体化治疗的阶段.近视矫治手术的发展充分体现着人类对整个客观世界的认识遵循着认识论与辩证法的客观规律.抓住偶然性的发现,运用创造性思维进行深入研究,就有可能作出重大发明.跨学科交叉则为学科发展提供了条件.     

近视矫治手术的发展历程及启示

近视矫治手术是20世纪眼科领域的重大进展之一,现已进入到个体化治疗的阶段。近视矫治手术的发展充分体现着人类对整个客观世界的认识遵循着认识论与辩证法的客观规律。抓住偶然性的发现,运用创造性思维进行深入研究,就有可能作出重大发明。跨学科交叉则为学科发展提供了条件。     

Common Core Thesis and Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mysticism in Chinese Buddhist Monks and Nuns

This study explores the phenomenological structure of mystical experience among 139 Chinese Pure Land and Chan Buddhist monks and nuns. Semi‐structured interviews, thematic coding, and statistical analyses demonstrated that Stace's common facets of mysticism as measured by Hood's Mysticism Scale (M Scale) successfully described Buddhist experience as modified by Buddhist doctrines. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that these facets could be formed into Stace's three‐factor structure. A mystical introvertive unity hypothesized to be separate from an extrovertive unity instead converged in the Chinese Buddhist context. These results lend strong support to the thesis that the phenomenology of mystical experience reveals a common experiential core that can be discerned across religious and spiritual traditions. These data also demonstrated that this common core can and should be explored using mixed methods.     

Evidence for unique threat-processing mechanisms in psychopathic and anxious individuals

Behaviorally, psychopathy and anxiety display opposite patterns of threat sensitivity and response inhibition. However, it is unclear whether this is due to shared or to separate underlying processes. To address this question, we evaluated whether the threat sensitivity of psychopathic and anxious offenders relates to similar or different components of Gray and McNaughton’s (2000) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory using a sample of 87 prisoners and a task that crossed threat onset with attentional focus. Psychopathy was associated with significantly weaker fear-potentiated startle (FPS) under conditions that presented threat cues after alternative, goal-directed cues. Conversely, anxiety was associated with significantly stronger FPS when threat appeared first and was the focus of attention. Furthermore, these differences were statistically independent. The results suggest that the abnormal sensitivity to threat cues associated with psychopathy and anxiety relate to different underlying processes and have implications for understanding the relationship between low- and high-anxious psychopathy.     

认知信息的详尽度与锚定对决策策略的影响

以191名大学生为被试,采用2×3的完全组间设计,探讨不同认知信息详尽度和有无锚定材料条件下大学生决策策略类型的选择。结果发现:(1)认知信息详尽度对被试的决策策略选择的影响显著,被试在低认知信息详尽度水平下倾向于选择采用维度比较策略,而在高认知信息详尽度水平下倾向于选择采用综合比较策略,并且倾向程度差异显著。(2)锚定效应对决策策略选择的影响不显著,认知信息详尽度与锚定的交互作用也不显著。     

青少年同伴冲突解决策略新进展

本文通过回溯近20年来国内外有关青少年同伴冲突的研究,在总结其在冲突解决策略的划分类型、影响因素及其理论、实证研究等各方面研究成果的同时,也指出了在研究方法及测量工具上的不足;并对未来同伴冲突解决策略的研究做出了展望。     

Does Image Matter to Different Job Applicants? The influences of corporate image and applicant individual differences on organizational attractiveness

This research examined both the effects of various corporate image dimensions on organizational attractiveness and the moderating effects of applicant individual difference variables on the aforementioned relationships. Two studies were conducted for this research, which involved 40 bank samples and 360 student participants ( Study 1 ) and 538 employee–student mixed samples ( Study 2 ). By implementing different research designs, samples, and industry targets in the two studies, we found that corporate product image, corporate citizenship image, and corporate credibility image were important antecedents to organizational attractiveness. One of the proposed applicant individual difference variables, environmental sensitivity, was found to moderate the relationship between corporate citizenship image and organizational attractiveness.     

Models of acceleration and deceleration rates on a complex two-lane rural highway: Results from a nighttime driving experiment

This study aimed to model driver’ deceleration or acceleration rates on a complex two-lane rural highway when approaching or departing horizontal curves under nighttime driving conditions. The data used in the study were from a field experiment conducted in Pennsylvania. Research participant speeds were continuously tracked along the experimental roadway. The deceleration and acceleration rate models when approaching and departing horizontal curves were treated as a uni-directional recursive system to account for the effects of upstream rates on deceleration and acceleration rates. This system was estimated using seemingly unrelated regression with random effects to account for the contemporaneous correlation across the two equations. Research participants were included in the model as random effects while several geometric roadway design features along the experimental roadway were included as fixed effects in the model. The results indicate that the explanatory variables associated with deceleration or acceleration rates when approaching or departing horizontal curves in the present experiment included several geometric design variables, such as curve direction, curve radius, horizontal curve length, and a vertical curve index. The deceleration and acceleration rates approaching and departing horizontal curves along the complex, two-lane rural highway included in this study have a larger range than those in past research studies of two-lane rural highways.