多动症儿童的家庭环境、注意行为及外周肾上腺素的分泌模式

本文对多动症儿童及在性别、年龄和学习年级上相匹配的正常儿童的家庭环境、注意行为及外周肾上腺素的分泌模式进行了探讨。结果表明,家庭环境,特别是父母的文化程度、行为、及父母与儿童之间的关系在儿童多动症病因学的研究中是不可忽视的重要因素。儿童注意行为测试及注意与非注意状态下尿中肾上腺素含量的动态分析可为多动症儿童注意缺陷障碍的有效诊断提供客观指标。本文还进一步提出和讨论了多动症病因机制的新假设。     

面孔部件相似性判断研究

用Morph变形方法构建家族相似性面孔部件样例,采用多级估量法探讨分类活动中面孔部件相似性判断问题。结果发现,部件样例对部件原型的隶属度及部件样例对整体原型中对应部件的隶属度与部件样例变形百分比间是3次函数关系;耳朵、脸型、眼睛等部件样例对整体原型中对应部件的隶属度小于其对部件原型的隶属度,嘴巴样例对整体原型中嘴巴部件的隶属度高于其对部件原型的隶属度。表明面孔部件物理相似性与心理相似性间是3次函数关系;整体原型中其他部件降低了耳朵、脸型、眼睛等部件样例对整体原型中对应部件的隶属度,而提高了嘴巴样例对整体原     

Constructing Self-Identity: Minority Students’ Adaptation Trajectories in a Chinese University

Researchers have gone beyond identity status and been putting more and more emphases on the dynamic process of identity development and its contextual embeddedness. Study of individual’s adaptation to the multicultural background is a good point of penetration. Because of the differences in regional conditions and cultural traditions, the minority youths who go to university in the mainstream culture would have special experiences and challenges in the development of their self-identities. Semi-structured interview and narrative were used in this research to discover the characteristics of the self-identity constructing processes of Mongolian undergraduates in a Shanghai university context. Their identity constructing process could be divided into three stages: difference-detecting, self-doubting and self-orienting. The main efforts of identity constructing in each stage could all be described as self-exploring and support-seeking. Special contents of internal explorations and sources of support were distinguished at different stages. As relative results, three main types of self-orientation were revealed: goal-oriented, self-isolated and unreserved assimilated. The characteristics of them are quite similar to those of three identity processing styles proposed by Berzonsky, which indicates there are some common elements lying in all self-development processes of adolescences and young adults. Ethnicity and culture could be background and resource or what Côté called identity capital that impacts the special course of self-identity constructing under similar principles. Different attitudes towards and relationships with their own ethnicity and new surroundings separated the three types of students from each other and interacted with the developmental characteristics and tendencies of their ethnicity identifications and self identities. It was found that minority youths’ self-identity constructing was based on their needs of self-value and interacted with their ecological niche constructing. Take ethnicity attachment and ethnicity responsibility as a typical example: the setting up of bi-direction relationship between individuals and their ethnicity (or other identity-related factors) was very important for minority youths to expand and integrate themselves. We also presented in detail our methodological exploring process so as to illuminate the limitation of traditional methods and the necessity and importance of methodological reform. Methodologically, both emic and etic positions were taken, interview and narrative approaches were adopted and individual angle of analysis was kept in the research. They were all proved to be effective to provide insight into the dynamic process of self identity constructing.     

元刻板印象的效价与效应相回馈吗?

元刻板印象的效价有积极和消极之分, 其效应也存在积极和消极之别。然而, 目前关于元刻板印象效价与效应的关系还存在争议。元刻板印象的威胁效应和促进效应遵从回馈原则, 而阻抗效应和窒息效应不遵从回馈原则。不同效应产生的条件包括元刻板印象检索难度、元刻板印象个体化程度、个体内部资源、印象管理动机以及群体社会地位等。未来研究可在不同元刻板印象效应的适用范围及边界条件, 干预方法, 激活方式的比较等方面进行拓展。     

What my parents make me believe in learning: The role of filial piety in Hong Kong students' motivation and academic achievement

Chinese students are well‐known for their academic excellence. However, studies that explore the underlying mechanism of how cultural factors relate to the motivational process and academic achievement of Chinese students have been limited. This study aimed to examine the role of filial piety in shaping Chinese students' theories of intelligence so as to obtain a clearer understanding of the process by which parent–child connectedness is linked to Chinese students' academic achievement. A sample of 312 university students in Hong Kong were assessed concerning their filial piety beliefs, theories of intelligence and academic achievement. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results indicated that different filial piety beliefs relate to students' academic achievement by shaping different theories of intelligence. Reciprocal filial piety beliefs were found to facilitate an incremental view of intelligence, which in turn contributes to students' academic achievement. Authoritarian filial piety beliefs were shown to be associated with an entity view of intelligence, which consequently deteriorates students' academic achievement. Cultural views of motivational processes can shed light on how motivational beliefs are developed as a product of cultural or socialization processes, which, in turn, contribute to students' academic success.     

Parental Participation in Religious Services and Parent and Child Well-Being: Findings from the National Survey of America’s Families

Using data from the 1999 and 2002 National Survey of America’s Families, a large-scale nationally representative sample, this study finds that parental religious attendance is positively associated with parent self-rated health, parent mental well-being, positive parenting attitudes, child health, and child school engagement. Although the strength of these associations varies to some extent according to socio-demographic factors, the interactive patterns are not consistently predictable. Moreover, parental health and well-being and positive attitudes toward parenting appear to be important pathways linking parental religious attendance to child well-being. These findings suggest that opportunities for participation in local religious services offered by faith-based organizations may be fruitful avenues through which the government and society can help American families enhance parent and child well-being.     

潜变量交互效应模型标准化估计中的检验问题

讨论了潜变量交互效应模型是否能直接用统计软件输出的原始估计的t值对模型的标准化估计进行检验的问题,详细介绍了标准化估计的t值计算及其难点,用Bootstrap方法算出标准化估计的标准误和相应的t值（记为t_bs）,并将其与原始估计的t值比较.结果发现,当原始估计t值超过3时,无论用t值还是用t_ bs检验,结果都是显著,即可以使用t值进行检验.而当t值不超过3时,与t_bs很接近,也可以用t值检验,但t值在临界值附近（例如1.5 ～2.5）时,最好还是使用Bootstrap法计算t_bs进行检验.     

信息性从众行为和规范性从众行为比较研究

目的:从众可分成两种,即信息性从众行为和规范性从众,探讨它们两者之间的区别。方法:通过瑞文智力测验为材料创造了这两种从众情境,观察大学生被试在两种实验条件下的行为差异。结果:信息性从众和社会规范性从众两者之间存在显著差异(Z=-3.183,P=0.001)。结论:大学生被试的信息性从众行为多于社会规范性从众行为,两者存在统计学上的显著性差异。     

Dynamic balance between grain refinement and grain growth during high-pressure torsion of Cu powders

High-pressure torsion (HPT) was applied to unmilled coarse-grained (CG) Cu powders with low initial dislocation density and cryomilled nanocrystalline (nc) Cu powders with high initial dislocation density, with identical processing parameters. HPT of unmilled CG Cu powders resulted in exceptional grain refinement and increase in dislocation density, whereas significant grain growth and decrease in dislocation density occurred during HPT of cryomilled nc Cu powders. Equilibrium structures were achieved under both conditions, with very similar stable grain sizes and dislocation densities, suggesting dynamic balances between deformation-induced grain refinement and grain growth, and between deformation-induced dislocation accumulation and dislocation annihilation. The equilibrium structures are governed by these two dynamic balances.     

Stress-enhanced grain growth in a nanostructured aluminium alloy during spark plasma sintering

In this study, we report on the influence of high pressure on the microstructure evolution of cryomilled nanostructured Al alloy powders during spark plasma sintering (SPS). Our experimental results suggest that the particular mechanism that governs grain growth during SPS depends on the magnitude of the applied pressure. In the case of material consolidated at a high pressure (e.g. 500 MPa), grain coarsening occurs via a combination of thermally activated grain boundary (GB) migration, stress-coupled GB migration and grain rotation-induced grain coalescence. In contrast, in the case of the material consolidated at a low pressure (50 MPa), grain growth occurs primarily via thermally activated GB migration.