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51.
The appeal to expert opinion is an argument form that uses the verdict of an expert to support a position or hypothesis. A previous scheme‐based treatment of the argument form is formalized within a Bayesian network that is able to capture the critical aspects of the argument form, including the central considerations of the expert's expertise and trustworthiness. We propose this as an appropriate normative framework for the argument form, enabling the development and testing of quantitative predictions as to how people evaluate this argument, suggesting that such an approach might be beneficial to argumentation research generally. We subsequently present two experiments as an example of the potential for future research in this vein, demonstrating that participants' quantitative ratings of the convincingness of a proposition that has been supported with an appeal to expert opinion were broadly consistent with the predictions of the Bayesian model. 相似文献
52.
This study examined the relative importance of contest experience and size differences to behavioral decisions over the course of contests. Using a mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus, we showed that although contest experience and size differences jointly determined contest outcomes, they affected contestants’ interactions at different stages of contests. Contest experience affected behavioral decisions at earlier stages of contests, including the tendency and latency to launch attacks, the tendency to escalate contests into mutual attacks and the outcome of non-escalated contests. Once contests were escalated into mutual attacks, the degree of size difference affected the fish’s persistence in escalation and chance of winning, but contest experience did not. These results support the hypothesis that contest experience modifies individuals’ estimation of their fighting ability rather than their actual strength. Furthermore, (1) in contests between two naïve contestants, more than 60 % of fish that were 2–3 mm smaller than their opponent escalated the contest to physical fights, even though their larger opponents eventually won 92 % of escalated fights and (2) fish with a losing experience were very likely to retreat in the face of an opponent 2–3 mm smaller than them without escalating. The result that a 2–3 mm size advantage could not offset the influence of a losing experience on the tendency to escalate suggests that, as well as depending on body size, the fish’s physical strength is influenced by other factors which require further investigation. 相似文献
53.
Many issues are known to plague the validity of risk assessment, but empirical scholarship in criminal justice has not yet directly investigated how they influence prediction accuracy. This study explores how frequently risk assessment staff classifies information to be insufficient and the extent to which systematic error impacts the validity of risk prediction. Using Oregon’s Juvenile Crime Prevention Risk Assessment Instrument, we identified critical missing risk information and infused the dataset with varying levels of error. Classification outcomes and overall prediction accuracy reacted unfavorably, suggesting that the common practice of knowingly and unknowingly underestimating risk may be highly pernicious. 相似文献
54.
Patricia Hsien-Chuan Hsu Daniel Shepherd Rex Billington 《Mental health, religion & culture》2013,16(4):385-399
Previous research links religion/spirituality to beneficial health outcomes, but the majority of these studies used samples from populations with long-term illness or older people. The present study explored whether the links between religion/spirituality and quality of life can be observed in a sample of younger adults, and also whether religion/spirituality could function as a coping mechanism in international tertiary students who are often subjected to significant stressors related to acculturation and being away from their families. The sample consisted of 218 domestic and 164 international students at a New Zealand university who were given the quality of life inventory and the additional special module about spirituality/religion/personal beliefs, both developed by the World Health Organization in collaboration with many member states. Religion/spirituality was significantly correlated with psychological quality of life in both groups, and social quality of life in international students. The results also show that religion/spirituality might function as a coping mechanism in international students in response to stressors of acculturation. 相似文献
55.
Eugene C. Goldfield Yong-Lae Park Bor-Rong Chen Wen-Hao Hsu Diana Young Michael Wehner 《Ecological Psychology》2013,25(4):300-327
Wearable assistive robotic devices are characterized by an interface, a meeting place of living tissue and mechanical forces, at which potential and kinetic energy are converted to one or the other form. Ecological scientists may make important contributions to the design of device interfaces because of a functional perspective on energy and information exchange. For ecological scientists, (a) behavioral forms are an assembly of whole functional systems from available parts, emerging in energy flows, and (b) nature explores for informationally based adaptive solutions to assemble behavioral forms by generating spontaneous patterns containing fluctuations. We present data from ongoing studies with infants that demonstrate how infants may explore for adaptive kicking solutions. Inspired by the ecological perspective and data from developing humans, ecological scientists may design interfaces to assist individuals with medical conditions that result in physical and/or mental impairment. We present one such device, what is called the “second skin,” to illustrate how a soft, prestressed material, worn on the skin surface, may be used synergistically with synthetic and biological muscles for assisting action. Our work on the second skin, thus far, suggests a set of ecologically inspired principles for design of wearable assistive robotic devices. 相似文献
56.
Huo‐Tsan Chang Hung‐Ming Hsu Jia‐Wen Liou Chi‐Tung Tsai 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(10):2120-2135
This study explored the relationships between psychological contract types and innovative behavior. We focused on the mediating effect of work engagement and the moderating effect of job resources (organizational and social resources). Participants were 267 dyads of research and development engineers and their supervisors from 30 high‐tech companies. Moderated path analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that: (a) work engagement fully mediated the negative relationship between transactional contracts and innovative behavior; in addition, it also fully mediated the positive relationship between relational contracts and innovative behavior; and (b) job resources attenuated the former and strengthened the latter mediating effects. These findings contribute to understanding how, why, and when psychological contract types lead to innovative behavior via work engagement. 相似文献
57.
A horizontal, table-sized computer display was used to examine one- and two-finger search performances. 31 college students participated in a basic computer operation and target landmark search task. The mean completion times of the target landmark search task were analyzed by a repeated-measures analysis of variance with the following factors: input device, environmental familiarity, and cue. Compared to the mouse, directly touching the computer display with one finger was inefficient when the task required more precise human-computer interactions, such as selecting small objects, or complicated tasks such as searching for targets in a computerized geographic application. However, directly touching the computer display with two fingers, one finger of each hand, appears efficient in complicated tasks. Additionally, familiar and cued environments can aid in the target landmark search task especially when searching within the cued conditions. However, the unfavorable effect of using a one-finger touch technique in searching may eliminate such cue effects. 相似文献
58.
Statisticians typically estimate the parameters of latent class and latent profile models using the Expectation-Maximization
algorithm. This paper proposes an alternative two-stage approach to model fitting. The first stage uses the modified k-means
and hierarchical clustering algorithms to identify the latent classes that best satisfy the conditional independence assumption
underlying the latent variable model. The second stage then uses mixture modeling treating the class membership as known.
The proposed approach is theoretically justifiable, directly checks the conditional independence assumption, and converges
much faster than the full likelihood approach when analyzing high-dimensional data. This paper also develops a new classification
rule based on latent variable models. The proposed classification procedure reduces the dimensionality of measured data and
explicitly recognizes the heterogeneous nature of the complex disease, which makes it perfect for analyzing high-throughput
genomic data. Simulation studies and real data analysis demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. 相似文献
59.
The visual system possesses a remarkable ability in learning regularities from the environment. In the case of contextual cuing, predictive visual contexts such as spatial configurations are implicitly learned, retained, and used to facilitate visual search-all without one's subjective awareness and conscious effort. Here we investigated whether implicit learning and its facilitatory effects are sensitive to the statistical property of such implicit knowledge. In other words, are highly probable events learned better than less probable ones even when such learning is implicit? We systematically varied the frequencies of context repetition to alter the degrees of learning. Our results showed that search efficiency increased consistently as contextual probabilities increased. Thus, the visual contexts, along with their probability of occurrences, were both picked up by the visual system. Furthermore, even when the total number of exposures was held constant between each probability, the highest probability still enjoyed a greater cuing effect, suggesting that the temporal aspect of implicit learning is also an important factor to consider in addition to the effect of mere frequency. Together, these findings suggest that implicit learning, although bypassing observers' conscious encoding and retrieval effort, behaves much like explicit learning in the sense that its facilitatory effect also varies as a function of its associative strengths. 相似文献
60.
In order to assess the effectiveness and the moderators of the effects of solution-focused group therapy (SFGT) in ethnic Chinese school settings, we used a meta-analytic method to synthesize 24 studies from Taiwan and China. The results showed that the overall effect sizes of SFGT’s immediate and follow-up effects were 1.03 and 1.09, respectively, and were positive and large in ethnic Chinese school settings. The overall SFGT immediate effect size was large for all school levels, except for junior high schools (d = .61). The overall SFGT immediate effect size for internalizing behavior problems was 1.06, and for family and relationship problems it was .94. This study offers significant evidence pointing to SFGT’s high degree of effectiveness in ethnic Chinese school settings. Implications for the use of SFGT in school settings and Chinese culture are discussed. 相似文献