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191.
According to the valence hypothesis, pleasant and unpleasant stimuli are mainly processed in the left and in the right hemisphere, respectively. To elucidate whether this reflects lateralised attentional processes, a lateralised Emotional Stroop Task was administered: Pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral words were presented to 63 male and 62 female students in four colours for 150 ms in either the left or the right visual half field. Pleasant words presented in the right (compared to the left) and unpleasant and neutral words presented in the left (compared to the right) visual field had longer latencies. Thus, attentional processes seem to be lateralised, depending on the hedonic tone of the stimuli. Predictions on personality differences in lateralised attentional processes were not confirmed. 相似文献
192.
Heinz Walter Krohne Manuela Pieper Nina Knoll Nadine Breimer 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(2):217-243
Attention deployment and generating specific types of cognitions are central cognitive mechanisms of emotion regulation. Two groups of hypotheses make contradicting predictions about the emotion-cognition relationship. The moodcongruency hypothesis expects the emergence of mood-congruent cognitions (i.e., negative mood leads to negative and positive mood to positive cognitions). Similarly, a substantial body of research suggests that negative mood induces selffocus, whereas positive mood elicits an external focus of attention. The moodrepair hypothesis, on the other hand, assumes that persons in a negative mood state summon thoughts incongruent with that state and divert attention away from the self. However, the temporal sequence of cognitions assessed as well as coping dispositions, such as vigilance and cognitive avoidance, may moderate these relationships. Positive and negative emotional states were elicited by exposing the participants to the experience of success or failure in a demanding cognitive task. Cognitions that were present after emotion induction were assessed by means of a thought-listing procedure. For the total sample, results clearly confirmed the moodcongruency hypothesis. Thought order was a critical factor only for changes in self-focus. Thought valence (positive, neutral, negative) as well as self-focus were substantially influenced by coping dispositions. 相似文献
193.
Narratives of emotional experiences are widely assumed to reflect how well the speaker has coped with them. Some cross-sectional studies have suggested that well-being and absence of psychopathology correlate with more elaborate and coherent narratives of negative events. Other studies, on the other hand, suggest that retelling and coping render narratives shorter, more cognitive, and explicitly evaluative. To test this latter hypothesis, 30 young women narrated five events eliciting anger, sadness, anxiety, pride and happiness from the past week, and retold the same events three months later. After three months, narratives contained fewer attempts to solve the complication, and evaluations became more global and impersonal. Negative narratives were framed better and re-evaluated positively. Unexpectedly, narrative clauses did not decrease, nor did evaluations shift from past to present. Ways to better differentiate effects of memory and retelling from mere effects of coping are suggested. 相似文献
194.
Nadine Elzein 《Philosophical explorations》2013,16(2):212-225
I examine Manuel Vargas's revisionist justification for continuing with our responsibility-characteristic practices in the absence of basic desert. I query his claim that this justification need not depend on how we settle questions about the content of morality, arguing that it requires us to reject the Kantian principle that prohibits treating anyone merely as a means. I maintain that any convincing argument against this principle would have to be driven by concerns that arise within the sphere of moral theory itself, whereas Vargas's argument draws solely on concerns about the expensive metaphysics involved in a libertarian conception of freedom. I argue that this amounts not just to changing the concept of free will by stipulation, but also (more problematically) to changing our moral principles by stipulation. 相似文献
195.
196.
Nadine M. Connell Sarah El Sayed Jennifer M. Reingle Gonzalez Natalie M. Schell-Busey 《Deviant behavior》2015,36(10):807-822
Little is known about how ethnic identity influences bullying. Using a racially diverse sample, we examine how within-race perceptions match experiences. We utilize bivariate probit regression to examine the correlation between actual and perceived victimization and bullying experiences. Results suggest no differences in victimization by ethnicity but perceived victimization differed across groups. Perceived and actual bullying differed across all groups. School climate acted as a protective factor against bullying and victimization, but school diversity increased the likelihood of bullying by whites and Latinos. These findings shed light on the importance of ethnic identity in understanding the etiology of bullying. 相似文献
197.
198.
Protective factors for fostering reasons for living were examined among low-income, suicidal, African American women. Bivariate logistic regressions revealed that higher levels of optimism, spiritual well-being, and family social support predicted reasons for living. Multivariate logistic regressions indicated that spiritual well-being showed unique predictive value for reasons for living. Further, the multivariate model accurately predicted reasons for living 72% of the time. Partial support was found for a cumulative protective model hypothesizing a linear relationship between the number of protective factors endorsed and increased reasons for living. Implications for community-based preventive and recovery-oriented intervention efforts and future research are discussed. 相似文献
199.
Guimond FA Brendgen M Forget-Dubois N Dionne G Vitaro F Tremblay RE Boivin M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):391-402
This study used the monozygotic (MZ) twin difference method to examine whether the unique environmental effects of maternal
and paternal overprotection and hostility at the age of 30 months predict twins’ observed social reticence in a competitive
situation in kindergarten, while controlling for the effect of family-wide influences, including genetic and shared environmental
factors, family socio-economical status and twin’s birth weight. It was also examined whether these associations are moderated
by parental depressive symptoms. Participants were 137 MZ twin pairs who were part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Hierarchical
linear regressions revealed that differences in maternal and paternal overprotection predicted differences in twins’ social
reticence, albeit only in boys. Differences in paternal hostile parenting predicted differences in girls’ reticent behavior,
but only when fathers showed high levels of depressive symptoms. Hence, overprotected boys, as well as girls confronted with
father’s hostility and depressive symptoms, may tend to withdraw rather than face the challenge when experiencing difficult
social situations such as competition. The results from the present study suggest that targeting maladaptive maternal as well
as paternal child-rearing practices and psychopathology early on may be useful for reducing later internalizing behavior in
the offspring. 相似文献
200.
A large body of evidence suggests that action execution and action observation share a common representational domain. To date, little is known about age-related changes in these action representations that are assumed to support various abilities such as the prediction of observed actions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate (a) how age affects the ability to predict the time course of observed actions; and (b) whether and to what extent sensorimotor expertise attenuates age-related declines in prediction performance. In a first experiment, older adults predicted the time course of familiar everyday actions less precisely than younger adults. In a second experiment, younger and older figure skating experts as well as age-matched novices were asked to predict the time course of figure skating elements and simple movement exercises. Both young age and sensorimotor expertise had a positive influence on prediction performance of figure skating elements. The expertise-related benefit did not show a transfer to movement exercises. Together, the results suggest a specific decline of action representations in the aging mind. However, extensive sensorimotor experience seems to enable experts to represent actions from their domain of expertise more precisely even in older age. 相似文献