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171.
The who and whom of help giving: An attributional model integrating the help giver and the help recipient 下载免费PDF全文
In this article, we investigate the influence of responsibility, moral emotions, and empathy on help giving for stigmatized persons in need. Both characteristics of the recipient of help and the help giver are analyzed within a general theoretical framework. Based on an online study (N = 332), structural equation models confirm and extend an attributional explanation of help‐giving, based on a thinking‐feeling‐acting model. Conditions promoting help giving are identified: (i) A potential help giver who regards himself or herself as responsible for the recipient's misfortune is likely to experience guilt, regret, and shame, thus increasing the likelihood of help. (ii) A potential recipient of help who is regarded as being not responsible for his or her plight elicits sympathy and is thus more likely to receive help. In contrast, when the person in need is regarded as being responsible for his or her plight, anger and even schadenfreude are elicited, and likelihood of help giving decreases. (iii) Different aspects of empathy as a stable personal characteristic exert direct and indirect (i.e., emotionally mediated) effects on help giving. Using structural equation modeling, we outline an attributional model of helping conceptualizing helping behavior within an actor–observer system integrating a variety of moral emotions involved in help giving. 相似文献
172.
Ashly L. Gaskin-Wasson Kristin L. Walker Lilian J. Shin Nadine J. Kaslow 《Journal of religion and health》2018,57(4):1376-1391
Spiritual well-being has been shown to reduce suicidal behavior, depressive symptoms, and hopelessness. Thwarted interpersonal needs have been shown to increase risk of suicidal behavior. This paper aims to explore the interrelationships among spiritual well-being, thwarted interpersonal needs, and negative outcomes including suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms among African American women. Sixty-six African American women (M = 36.18; SD = 11.70), from a larger study of women who had experienced interpersonal violence within the past year, completed self-report questionnaires. Mediation analyses revealed that thwarted belongingness, but not perceived burdensomeness, significantly mediated the relations between spiritual well-being and the three outcomes. This study provides the first examination of the role of thwarted interpersonal needs on the link between spiritual well-being and negative psychological outcomes. Spiritual well-being serves a protective role against feelings of social isolation, which may reduce one’s risk of negative psychological outcomes. Treatments that bolster a sense of spirituality and social connectedness may reduce suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depressive symptoms. 相似文献
173.
The study examined two questions: (1) do the greater phonological awareness skills of billinguals affect reading performance;
(2) to what extent do the orthographic characteristics of a language influence reading performance and how does this interact
with the effects of phonological awareness. We estimated phonological metalinguistic abilities and reading measures in three
groups of first graders: monolingual Hebrew speakers, bilingual Russian–Hebrew speakers, and Arabic-speaking children. We
found that language experience affects phonological awareness, as both Russian–Hebrew bilinguals and the Arabic speakers achieved
higher scores on metalinguistic tests than Hebrew speakers. Orthography affected reading measures and their correlation with
phonological abilitites. Children reading Hebrew showed better text reading ability and significant correlations between phonological
awareness and reading scores. Children reading Arabic showed a slight advantage in single word and nonword reading over the
two Hebrew reading groups, and very weak relationships between phonological abilities and reading performance. We conclude
that native Arabic speakers have more difficulty in processing Arabic orthography than Hebrew monolinguals and bilinguals
have in processing Hebrew orthography, and suggest that this is due to the additional visual complexity of Arabic orthography. 相似文献
174.
This study examined women’s recall of physician recommendations as well as patient satisfaction following participation in
a breast/ovarian cancer risk and prevention program. Participants were 41 high risk women who attended a cancer risk program
4–6 months earlier. Two-thirds of women who received recommendations for tamoxifen treatment and genetic testing did not recall
these recommendations upon follow-up. A number of women misunderstood recommendations and a quarter of the sample recalled
recommendations that were not made during the consultation. Although these high risk women were generally satisfied with their
counseling visit, those individuals who received particularly complex sets of recommendations reported feeling less understood
and were less satisfied with the counseling. Findings underline the importance of examining recommendation recall, in addition
to perceptions of cancer risk, when evaluating the clinical implications of cancer risk assessment. 相似文献
175.
Brand M Pawlikowski M Labudda K Laier C von Rothkirch N Markowitsch HJ 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(2):279-290
We investigated the role of feedback processing in decision making under risk conditions in 50 patients with amnesia in the course of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome (KS). Half of the patients were administered the Game of Dice Task (GDT) and the remaining 25 patients were examined with a modified version of the GDT in which no feedback was provided. Patients' results in the GDT and in the modified version were compared with that of 50 healthy subjects of whom 25 subjects performed the original GDT and 25 performed the modified version. While performance on the original GDT was superior to performance on the modified GDT in healthy subjects, KS patients performed similarly on both the GDT with and GDT without feedback. Performance on both task versions was correlated with categorization and set-shifting. The findings indicate that amnesic patients do not profit from receiving feedback for their decisions in explicit risk conditions. 相似文献
176.
Timo Thünken Nadine Waltschyk Theo C. M. Bakker Harald Kullmann 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):717-724
Animal self-cognizance might be of importance in different contexts like territoriality, self-referent mate-choice or kin
recognition. We investigated whether the cichlid fish Pelvicachromis taeniatus is able to recognize own olfactory cues. P. taeniatus is a cave breeding fish with pronounced brood care and social behavior. In the experiments we gave male cave owners the choice
between two caves in which we introduced scented water. In a first experiment males preferred caves with their own odor over
caves with the odor of an unfamiliar, unrelated male. To examine whether self-recognition is based rather on individual or
on family cues we conducted two further experiments in which males could choose between their own odor and the odor of a familiar
brother and between the odor of a familiar brother and an unfamiliar, unrelated male, respectively. Males preferred their
own odor over that of a familiar brother suggesting individual self-referencing. Interestingly, males (at least outbred ones)
preferred the odor of an unfamiliar, unrelated male over that of a familiar brother, maybe to avoid competition with kin.
We discuss the results in the context of animal self-cognizance. All experiments were conducted with in- and outbred fish.
Inbreeding did not negatively affect self-recognition. 相似文献
177.
Ibrahim Abraham 《Contemporary Islam》2009,3(1):79-97
Drawing on qualitative data from interviews with twelve queer Muslims in Australia, this article analyses the ongoing struggle
for queer Muslim recognition within the context of the so-called ‘Clash of Civilisations’. Analysing the rhetoric of national
security and ‘Western’ civilisational identity, this article interrogates the incorporation of sexuality into the cultural
and political discourse of the ‘war on terror’, from the xenophobic demonisation of Muslims as sexual predators, to liberal
Islamophobia that posits Islam as an aggressive and alien Other against which liberal capitalism must be defended. Within
this hostile environment, queer Muslims in Australia are articulating various strategies for finding meaning in their lives.
From a Marxist perspective, this article analyses these strategies for recognition which range from complex acts of ‘closeting’
sexual, ethnic and religious identities, to subversive acts of critical hybridity that seek to negate the exclusionary nature
of homophobia and Islamophobia within Australia’s multicultural society. 相似文献
178.
Nadine Matton Stphane Vautier ric Raufaste 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2011,19(1):11-17
In selection settings, when people retake the same cognitive ability tests, scores are generally positively biased. Our approach aimed to test whether these previous exposure effects are test‐specific or transferable to other tests. We compared the differences between scores for first‐time test takers and retakers for 2 kinds of material: ‘old’ tests, known only to the retakers, and ‘new’ tests, unknown to both groups. The current study used data collected during 2 sessions –S and S+1 – of a selection process for entry into the French national air transport pilot training system, with at least 500 first‐time test takers and 130 retakers in each session. For Session S, on average, retakers scored higher on the ‘old’ tests, but not on the ‘new’ tests. Moreover, the material that was new to retakers at Session S was old at Session S+1, and the finding for old tests could be replicated at Session S+1. The finding that the acquired skills that led to higher scores on old tests were only test‐specific is discussed. 相似文献
179.
Chang-Ho C. Ji Yodi Ibrahim Soo Dong Kim 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(4):259-274
Researchers have long been concerned with the relationship between religion and social justice and equality. Hoping to understand this association at the individual level, researchers have taken on the psychological models of personal religion and Kohlberg's moral reasoning. This article extends this line of inquiry to Islam, using Muslim college and graduate students in Indonesia. Specifically, it explores the extent to which religious orientations and Islamic doctrinal orthodoxy relate to Kohlbergian principled reasoning in justice and equality. In view of the results, the Muslim respondents are skewed toward the nonprincipled mode of Kohlbergian moral reasoning. In addition, those with greater intrinsic religiosity are likely to respond in an increasingly principled manner to moral dilemmas, whereas personal extrinsic religiosity tends to increase conventional practice of moral reasoning. Quest religiosity and doctrinal orthodoxy have little to do with Kohlbergian principled reasoning. The implications of these findings are discussed by giving attention to the accent of personal mediation, Islam as a belief system, and congregational worship to principled reasoning in social justice. 相似文献
180.
Emily A. Greenfield Nadine F. Marks 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(3):245-259
Abstract Guided by social identity theory, this study investigated having a closer identification as a member of one's religious group as an explanatory mechanism for linkages between more frequent formal religious participation and better subjective psychological well-being (more positive affect, less negative affect, and more life satisfaction). Multivariate regression models were estimated based on data from 3,032 respondents, ages 25 to 74, in the 1995 National Survey of Midlife in the U.S. Results provided support for the hypothesis that religious social identity would mediate the associations between more frequent religious service attendance and all three dimensions of subjective psychological well-being examined. These findings contribute to understandings of self, religion, and health while indicating the continued importance of drawing on well-developed social psychological theory in investigations of linkages between religion and mental health. 相似文献