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121.
How does the knowledge of experts affect their behaviour in situations that require unusual methods of dealing? One possibility, loosely originating in research on creativity and skill acquisition, is that an increase in expertise can lead to inflexibility of thought due to automation of procedures. Yet another possibility, based on expertise research, is that experts' knowledge leads to flexibility of thought. We tested these two possibilities in a series of experiments using the Einstellung (set) effect paradigm. Chess players tried to solve problems that had both a familiar but non-optimal solution and a better but less familiar one. The more familiar solution induced the Einstellung (set) effect even in experts, preventing them from finding the optimal solution. The presence of the non-optimal solution reduced experts' problem solving ability was reduced to about that of players three standard deviations lower in skill level by the presence of the non-optimal solution. Inflexibility of thought induced by prior knowledge (i.e., the blocking effect of the familiar solution) was shown by experts but the more expert they were, the less prone they were to the effect. Inflexibility of experts is both reality and myth. But the greater the level of expertise, the more of a myth it becomes. 相似文献
122.
Systems factorial technology (SFT) is a theory-driven set of methodologies oriented toward identification of basic mechanisms, such as parallel versus serial processing, of perception and cognition. Studies employing SFT in visual search with small display sizes have repeatedly shown decisive evidence for parallel processing. The first strong evidence for serial processing was recently found in short-term memory search, using target-distractor (T-D) similarity as a key experimental variable (Townsend & Fifi?, 2004). One of the major goals of the present study was to employ T-D similarity in visual search to learn whether this mode of manipulating processing speed would affect the parallel versus serial issue in that domain. The result was a surprising and regular departure from ordinary parallel or serial processing. The most plausible account at present relies on the notion of positively interacting parallel channels. 相似文献
123.
We describe a KB Gödelian ontological system, and some other weak systems, in a fully formal way using theory of types and natural deduction, and present a completeness proof in its main and specific parts. We technically and philosophically analyze and comment on the systems (mainly with respect to the relativism of values) and include a sketch of some connected aspects of Gödel's relation to Kant. 相似文献
124.
Taeda Jovičić 《Argumentation》2004,18(1):1-24
In this paper, I try to develop an informal model for the analysis and evaluation of argumentative strategies based on active authorities. The explanations necessary to understand the idea of the model and what is modelled are given through the development of the paper. I first give an example of argumentative activities. After that, the main assumption of the model is given. In the third part, the relevant aspects of the argumentative activity are analysed, while the principles of the evaluation are explained in the fourth part. The informal model is presented in the fifth part. In the final remarks, the suggestions for further work are given, as well as a comparison with some related recent works in argumentation theory. 相似文献
125.
Jovan Babić 《The Journal of Ethics》2004,8(3):225-250
Our time is characterized by what seems like an unprecedented process of intense global homogenization. This reality provides
the context for exploring the nature and value of toleration. Hence, this essay is meant primarily as a contribution to international
ethics rather than political philosophy. It is argued that because of the non-eliminability of differences in the world we
should not even hope that there can be only one global religion or ideology. Further exploration exposes conceptual affinity
between the concepts of intolerance, ideology, and doctrinal evil. The last concept is developed in contrast to pure evil and average evil, and under the assumption of the metaphysical necessity of free will. Doctrinal evil is found to represent the main source
of intolerance as a result of a mechanism that tends to confuse doctrinal evil (or the competing conceptions of the good)
with pure evil. This connection between doctrinal evil and pure evil provides ideologies with their forcefulness. Tolerance
cannot be properly understood in terms of a simple opposition to intolerance, however. Tolerance emerges as a sort of vigilance,
conscientiousness, and non-negligence based not on a supposedly correct interpretation of the good, but rather on the acceptance
of the fallibility of any such attempted definition. Conversely, the principal evil in doctrinal evil is found in arrogance
that accompanies the intolerance-inducing irresponsible thoughtlessness. With this conceptual topology in mind the paper also
addresses questions regarding religious tolerance, the ideology of human rights and democracy, the right to self-defense,
ways to face evil, the dialectics of using old names for novel evils, and related issues.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
126.
Vuk Uskoković 《Axiomathes》2009,19(1):17-50
Each type of learning is proposed as being a three-stage process, composed of: (i) recognition of a perceptual situation and
performance of an action corresponding thereto; (ii) observation of a deviation of the action result from an expected outcome;
(iii) re-arrangement of the conceptual framework of reasoning to meaningfully assimilate the observed deviation. In order
to evaluate a general, systemic significance of the concept of learning proposed hereby, the latter is assessed from perspectives
that correspond to diverse levels of organizational complexity of Nature. Thermodynamic concepts, constructivist and autopoietic
frameworks of analysis of cognitive phenomena, and the aspects of social sciences are intertwined so as to support the all-encompassing
meaning of the general pathways of learning proposed herein. Numerous ethical consequences, with a particular emphasis on
educational approaches, are derived from accepting such a general nature of learning and development. Naturally implied dialectical
form of evolution, according to which prosperous and favorable features of human creativity arise solely from problem-solving
situations, is further discussed. 相似文献
127.
128.
Among numerous procedures for determination of the psychophysical relation, one approach has seldom been applied. Essential in this method is to present a set of stimuli whose intensity increases in fixed time following different forms. The objective stimulus increment, which the subjects perceive as linear growth directly, represents the inverse psychophysical relation. In this paper the method was tested in the fields of click frequency and sound pressure. This procedure was named "Perception of the Form of Stimulus Increment in Time". In comparison to other psychophysical approaches, this one has several advantages. The principal ones are the following: (1) In assessing the psychophysical relation it is not necessary to try to measure the perceptual magnitude; and (2) the psychophysical relation is directly determined by its dynamic pattern. In this paper modifications to the method are reported which facilitate the subject's task and avoid some differences in subjects' individual approaches to the task. The modified procedure leads to results satisfactory independent of the influence of the factors irrelevant to the psychophysical relationship. 相似文献
129.
Aleksandar Kostić 《Psychological research》1991,53(1):62-70
Summary The present paper evaluates the two standard approaches to the processing of inflected morphology (decomposition and the satellite-entries hypothesis) in the scope of the results obtained on Serbo-Croatian inflected noun forms. It was demonstrated that the decomposition hypothesis cannot account for most of the results. On the other hand, some of the critical experiments upon which the satellite-entries hypothesis was based failed to replicate, and the hypothesis was rejected on empirical grounds. The approach proposed in the present study assumes that processing effects observed with inflected Serbo-Croatian noun forms are based on the subject's sensitivity to the amount of information (i. e., bits) within a particular inflected form. It was demonstrated that the basic unit of the subject's sensitivity is the amount of information derived from the average frequency per syntactic function within a particular inflected form of a noun. This parameter accounts for all the observed processing variability of the inflected Serbo-Croatian noun forms. 相似文献
130.