生物医学道德增强：现实可行性与技术可欲求性之辩

生物医学技术的发展为干预人类道德情操提供可能,也正因为其利用技术手段改变人的道德行为而饱受争议。围绕着现实可行性与技术可欲求性存在的争议展开讨论,当下学界在可欲求性层面提出的人格塑造、自由意志和道德理性问题都未必构成对生物医学道德增强的良好反驳。在现实可行性层面,发展一项旨在提升个体道德情操、解决德性相关社会问题的生物医学道德增强技术未必值得提倡。技术安全性、有效性和价值定位等方面的不确定性,以及社会效益主导下“工程性”道德增强带来的自由意志悖论,都构成该技术面临的伦理困境。

     

Understanding Power Anomalies in Mediation Analysis

Previous studies have found some puzzling power anomalies related to testing the indirect effect of a mediator. The power for the indirect effect stagnates and even declines as the size of the indirect effect increases. Furthermore, the power for the indirect effect can be much higher than the power for the total effect in a model where there is no direct effect and therefore the indirect effect is of the same magnitude as the total effect. In the presence of direct effect, the power for the indirect effect is often much higher than the power for the direct effect even when these two effects are of the same magnitude. In this study, the limiting distributions of related statistics and their non-centralities are derived. Computer simulations are conducted to demonstrate their validity. These theoretical results are used to explain the observed anomalies.     

Gender Differences in Escapist Uses of Sexually Explicit Internet Material: Results from a German Probability Sample

The intensity of using sexually explicit internet material (SEIM) is contingent on users’ gender. However, gender differences in the motivations for watching SEIM have not yet been comprehensively explored. Drawing on a representative survey of German internet users, we therefore analyze how women and men use SEIM to satisfy escapist needs. Lower life satisfaction, the lack of a committed relationship, and feelings of loneliness contribute to predicting the frequency of using SEIM among men. Loneliness likewise fosters the consumption of SEIM among women, yet the effect is less pronounced. For female internet users, consumption of SEIM even increases in committed relationships and rather indicates a comparably high level of life satisfaction than dissatisfaction with life circumstances. Gender hence substantially moderates the connection between need structures and the consumption of SEIM.     

文化的差异、错位与冲突——谢和耐《中国与基督教——中西文化的首次撞击》再读

谢和耐在《中国与基督教》一书中,运用大量的历史资料揭示明末清初中国文化和基督宗教首次真正的交流的意义。谢氏强调的相对独立发展起来的两种文化的差异,明显地表现在彼此互动的态度和期待的错位,而这些都直接影响到双方交流的方式以及交流在社会文化中产生的结果。今日再读谢氏的著作,重温其理解现状不能完全回避过去的论述,对当代基督教中国化的实践和研究仍有借鉴价值。     

FOK判断与可接近信息之间的关系

通过三个实验,用语义联想集大小不同的中文单字词研究了靶项目联想集的大小与FOK判断等级和准确性的关系。实验一通过两种不同联想集大小的靶子,比较外显的、提取出的信息和内隐的、语义网络中固有的被激活信息量对FOK判断等级和FOK判断准确性是否有不同的影响。实验二和实验三通过不同的靶子呈现时间和学习遍数,比较不同的识记强度对不同大小联想集的靶子的FOK判断等级和FOK判断准确性的影响。实验结果表明：FOK判断等级随外显的、提取出的信息总量的增多而增高,随内隐的、语义网络中固有的被激活信息量的增多而降低。FOK判断准确性随靶子本身的激活强度的增强而增高,随内隐的、语义网络中固有的被激活信息的激活强度的增强而降低,FOK判断准确性取决于这两种激活强度的综合作用。