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421.
Recent work in the learned helplessness paradigm suggests that neuronal sensitization and fatigue processes are critical to
producing the behavioral impairment that follows prolonged exposure to an unsignaled inescapable stressor such as a series
of electric tail shocks. Here we discuss how an interaction between serotonin (5-HT) and corticosterone (CORT) sensitizes
GABA neurons early in the pretreatment session with inescapable shock. We propose that this process eventually depletes GABA,
thus removing an important form of inhibition on excitatory glutamate transmission in the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal
cortex. When rats are re-exposed to shock during shuttle-escape testing 24 hrs later, the loss of inhibition (as well as other
excitatory effects) results in unregulated excitation of glutamate neurons. This state of neuronal over-excitation rapidly
compromises metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic fatigue results in compensatory inhibition by the nucleoside adenosine, which
regulates neuronal excitation with respect to energy availability. The exceptionally potent form of inhibition associated
with adenosine receptor activation yields important neuroprotective benefits under conditions of metabolic failure, but also
precludes the processing of information in fatigued neurons. The substrates of adaptive behavior are removed; performance
deficits ensue. 相似文献
422.
Regina Day Langhout Mindy E. Bergman Lilia M. Cortina Louise F. Fitzgerald Fritz Drasgow Jill Hunter Williams 《Journal of applied social psychology》2005,35(5):975-1007
The current study bridges literatures on sexual harassment, person‐environment systems, and stress and appraisal processes. Conventional wisdom equates severity of sexual harassment with type of harassment. We test this notion empirically and posit a more comprehensive model that examines both person‐ and situation‐level variables. Data came from 13,743 U.S. Armed Forces women responding to survey questions about a significant experience of sexual harassment. Multiple regression results indicate that pervasiveness of sexual harassment relates outcomes better than does type of sexual harassment. Pervasiveness and type interact to predict subjective appraisal of harassment. Additionally, according to multiple‐group structural equation models, appraisal mediates relations between pervasiveness and outcomes. Results further suggest that relations among sexual‐harassment antecedents and outcomes are consistent, regardless of the type of sexual harassment. These findings highlight the importance of examining both persons and situations when assessing sexual harassment severity. 相似文献
423.
Dworkin SL Pinto RM Hunter J Rapkin B Remien RH 《American journal of community psychology》2008,42(1-2):51-59
DEBI, or the Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions is the largest centralized effort to diffuse evidence-based prevention science to fight HIV/AIDS in the United States. DEBI seeks to ensure that the most effective science-based prevention interventions are widely implemented across the country in community-based organizations. Thus, this is a particularly timely juncture in which to critically reflect on the extent to which known principles of community collaboration have guided key processes associated with the DEBI rollout. We review the available evidence on how the dissemination of packaged interventions is necessary but not sufficient for ensuring the success of technology transfer. We consider additional principles that are vital for successful technology transfer, which were not central considerations in the rollout of the DEBI initiative. These issues are: (1) community perceptions of a top-down mode of dissemination; (2) the extent to which local innovations are being embraced, bolstered, or eliminated; and (3) contextual and methodological considerations that shape community preparedness. Consideration of these additional factors is necessary in order to effectively document, manage, and advance the science of dissemination and technology transfer in centralized prevention efforts within and outside of HIV/AIDS. 相似文献
424.
Chinman M Hunter SB Ebener P Paddock SM Stillman L Imm P Wandersman A 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):206-224
Communities are increasingly being required by state and federal funders to achieve outcomes and be accountable, yet are often
not provided the guidance or the tools needed to successfully meet this challenge. To improve the likelihood of achieving
positive outcomes, the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) intervention (manual, training, technical assistance) is designed to provide
the necessary guidance and tools, tailored to community needs, in order to build individual capacity and program performance.
GTO is an example of a Prevention Support System intervention, which as conceptualized by the Interactive Systems Framework,
plays a key role in bridging the gap between prevention science (Prevention Synthesis and Translation System) and prevention
practice (Prevention Delivery System). We evaluated the impact of GTO on individual capacity and program performance using
survey- and interview-based methods. We tracked the implementation of GTO and gathered user feedback about its utility and
acceptability. The evaluation of GTO suggests that it can build individual capacity and program performance and as such demonstrates
that the Prevention Support System can successfully fulfill its intended role. Lessons learned from the implementation of
GTO relevant to illuminating the framework are discussed. 相似文献
425.
Functional specificity of the visual word form area: general activation for words and symbols but specific network activation for words 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The functional specificity of the brain region known as the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) was examined using fMRI. We explored whether this area serves a general role in processing symbolic stimuli, rather than being selective for the processing of words. Brain activity was measured during a visual 1-back task to English words, meaningful symbols (e.g., $, %), digits, words in an unfamiliar language (Hebrew), and geometric control stimuli. Mean activity in the functionally defined VWFA, as well as a pattern of whole-brain activity identified using a multivariate technique, did not differ for words and symbols, but was distinguished from that seen with other stimuli. However, functional connectivity analysis of this region identified a network of regions that was specific to words, including the left hippocampus, left lateral temporal, and left prefrontal cortex. Results support the hypothesis that activity in the VWFA plays a general role in processing abstract stimuli; however, the left VWFA is part of a unique network of brain regions active only during the word condition. These findings suggest that it is the neural "context" of the VWFA, i.e., the broader activity distributed in the brain that is correlated with VWFA, that is specific for visual word representation, not activity in this brain region per se. 相似文献
426.
Myra Frances Taylor Nadia Clark Elaine Newton 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2008,36(2):189-204
It has long been recognised that mature-aged sibling dyads provide each other with emotional support. What has yet to be determined is whether this support function is maintained within the baby boomer generational cohort of sibling dyads who through economic relocation/migration have become separated by distance. As such, this paper highlights the need for research to be conducted into the experiences of baby boomers dealing with sibling loss and grief-related issues without the support of their nuclear and extended family members. 相似文献
427.
There is disagreement in the literature about whether a "positivity effect" in memory performance exists in older adults. To assess the generalizability of the effect, the authors examined memory for autobiographical, picture, and word information in a group of younger (17-29 years old) and older (60-84 years old) adults. For the autobiographical memory task, the authors asked participants to produce 4 positive, 4 negative, and 4 neutral recent autobiographical memories and to recall these a week later. For the picture and word tasks, participants studied photos or words of different valences (positive, negative, neutral) and later remembered them on a free-recall test. The authors found significant correlations in memory performance, across task material, for recall of both positive and neutral valence autobiographical events, pictures, and words. When the authors examined accurate memories, they failed to find consistent evidence, across the different types of material, of a positivity effect in either age group. However, the false memory findings offer more consistent support for a positivity effect in older adults. During recall of all 3 types of material, older participants recalled more false positive than false negative memories. 相似文献
428.
The current study examined the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV) and children's reactions to a stressful peer interaction in a community-based sample. The moderating role of parental emotion coaching in buffering children from negative reactions to a peer was also examined. Children participated in a peer provocation paradigm and mothers completed the Parent Meta-Emotion Interview. Both adaptive (i.e., laughing, ignoring) and maladaptive (i.e., hostile/challenging, odd behaviors) reactions to the provocative peer were examined. IPV was positively related to children's laughing and odd behaviors but was unrelated to ignoring and hostile/challenging behaviors. Additionally, emotion coaching was found to moderate relations between IPV and children's laughing and odd behaviors. The importance of understanding protective factors in families experiencing IPV and of developing emotion coaching parenting programs is discussed. 相似文献
429.
Kerri L. Kim Yo Jackson Selby M. Conrad Heather L. Hunter 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(5):735-751
Research consistently shows that children exposed to interparental conflict are at-risk for experiencing psychopathology.
Establishing a link, however, between interparental conflict and maladjustment is not the same as understanding how specific outcomes manifest. Therefore, we examined the relation of interparental conflict and appraisal with adolescent outcome
with 169 high school students (ages 14–19 years). Specifically, threat and self-blame appraisals were hypothesized to mediate
the relation between interparental conflict and both adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Results suggest that threat partially
mediated the relation between interparental conflict and externalizing problems, interparental conflict and internalizing
problems, and interparental conflict and adaptive behaviors. Additionally, self-blame appears to partially mediate the relation
between interparental conflict and internalizing problems. Implications of the current findings are discussed. 相似文献
430.
Medial auditory thalamus inactivation prevents acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning 下载免费PDF全文
The auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) pathway that is necessary for delay eyeblink conditioning was investigated using reversible inactivation of the medial auditory thalamic nuclei (MATN) consisting of the medial division of the medial geniculate (MGm), suprageniculate (SG), and posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN). Rats were given saline or muscimol infusions into the MATN contralateral to the trained eye before each of four conditioning sessions with an auditory CS. Rats were then given four additional sessions without infusions to assess savings from the initial training. All rats were then given a retention test with a muscimol infusion followed by a recovery session. Muscimol infusions through cannula placements within 0.5 mm of the MGm prevented acquisition of eyeblink conditioned responses (CRs) and also blocked CR retention. Cannula placements more than 0.5 mm from the MATN did not completely block CR acquisition and had a partial effect on CR retention. The primary and secondary effects of MATN inactivation were examined with 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) autoradiography. Differences in 2-DG uptake in the auditory thalamus were consistent with the cannula placements and behavioral results. Differences in 2-DG uptake were found between groups in the ipsilateral auditory cortex, basilar pontine nuclei, and inferior colliculus. Results from this experiment indicate that the MATN contralateral to the trained eye and its projection to the pontine nuclei are necessary for acquisition and retention of eyeblink CRs to an auditory CS. 相似文献