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61.
Frances Degen Horowitz 《Developmental Review》1983,3(4):405-409
The concept of affordance is proposed by Goldfield to account for “knowing” in infancy as an ecologically more valid approach than Piaget's notion of representation. While the use of affordances is regarded as an improvement over the concept of representation an argument is put forth that a more parsimonious and scientifically useful approach to the development of knowing in infancy is to be found in a behavioral analysis of a learned association of stimulus cues with behavior patterns. 相似文献
62.
The present study examined the role of permissive and nonpermissive cues in mediating the relationship between exposure to erotica and aggression. Male subjects viewed either neutral slides with a silent female or erotic slides with a female who made permissive, nonpermissive, or no comments about the slides. The males rated the slides and subsequently rated the female confederate. Male subjects were then given an opportunity to administer their choice of several intensities of shock to the female in a competitive reaction-time task. Subjects in the permissive cues condition rated the erotic slides as more arousing, saw the female as more reasonable and accepting, and selected more intense shocks for the female than did subjects in the other conditions. One explanation of these results is that permissive cues in the presence of erotica led the male to believe that other normally inappropriate behaviors would be tolerated. 相似文献
63.
64.
Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
S E Taylor 《Psychological bulletin》1991,110(1):67-85
Negative (adverse or threatening) events evoke strong and rapid physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social responses. This mobilization of the organism is followed by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses that damp down, minimize, and even erase the impact of that event. This pattern of mobilization-minimization appears to be greater for negative events than for neutral or positive events. Theoretical accounts of this response pattern are reviewed. It is concluded that no single theoretical mechanism can explain the mobilization-minimization pattern, but that a family of integrated process models, encompassing different classes of responses, may account for this pattern of parallel but disparately caused effects. 相似文献
65.
AIDS-related factors predictive of suicidal ideation of low and high intent among gay and bisexual men. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S G Schneider S E Taylor M E Kemeny C Hammen 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》1991,21(4):313-328
AIDS-related stressors were studied in relationship to suicidal ideation and suicide intent among 778 gay and bisexual men (none with AIDS). Over the previous six months, 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation. Subjects who reported suicidal ideation (compared to those who did not) were more likely to report recent (last 6 months) bereavement of partner, recent ARC diagnosis, and multiple close friends with ARC. Suicide ideators were divided by a median split on a self-report scale of suicide intent into low (n = 105) and high (n = 107) intent suicide ideators. News of HIV seropositivity was specifically related to low intent suicidal ideation. High intent suicidal ideation was associated with having a partner with AIDS or ARC, or multiple close friends with AIDS, or having ARC. Generally speaking, while temporally discrete AIDS-related events were associated the report of suicidal ideation, ongoing stressors which may more greatly challenge adaptational capacities were more associated with high intent suicidal ideation. 相似文献
66.
67.
Bill Himadi Frances Osteen Andrew J. Kaiser Kimberly Daniel 《Behavioral Interventions》1991,6(5):355-366
This study examined the strength of delusional beliefs during the modification of delusional verbalizations of a 51 year-old chronically mentally ill inpatient. The changing-criterion design was used to document the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment package to alter the rate of delusional responses to personal background questions. The results revealed a stepwise decline in the frequency of delusional responses. Generalization effects to novel interviewers were obtained. No changes were obtained on the subject's ratings of delusional beliefs, with the subject assigning ratings of absolute conviction to his beliefs throughout the duration of the study. 相似文献
68.
William P. Hetrick Robert C. Isenhart Derek V. Taylor Curt A. Sandman 《Behavior research methods》1991,23(1):66-71
A software program written to collect real-time, observational data is described. The flexible program allows customized behavior codes and observational durations and simultaneously records both timed and counted events. The data are collected by means of single keystrokes, automatically stored to disk with 100th of a second resolution and summarized for each observational session. The program’s database files are dBASE III PLUS compatible and may be browsed, edited, or converted to ASCII files from the program’s main menu. Field testing demonstrated the efficiency and interobserver reliability of the program (for frequency,r=0.81; for durational behaviors,rs=0.89 and 0.96). The software operates on IBM XT/AT/PS 2s and most clones with PC/MS DOS version 2.0 or greater. 相似文献
69.
Bruce E. Compas Howard S. Adelman Pamela C. Freundl Perry Nelson Linda Taylor 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1982,10(1):77-83
Attributions made by children and their parents for the cause of the child's clinical problem were monitored during assessment interviews. Results support previously observed differences obtained through questionnaires, with parents making more attributions than their children to characteristics of the child. This pattern was affected by variations in interview format. Parents and children differed in the locus of their attributions when interviewed individually, but these differences were not present when families were interviewed with both parents and children present. Implications for the methodology of attribution research with child-clinical populations are highlighted. 相似文献
70.
T.R. Stockwell R.J. Hodgson H.J. Rankin C. Taylor 《Behaviour research and therapy》1982,20(5):513-522
Twenty hospitalized alcoholics served as their own controls in a study which sought to compare psychophysiological and cognitive factors as mediating influences on the priming effect of alcohol. Ten subjects were independently assessed by a psychiatrist as being severely dependent on alcohol and ten as mildly or moderately alcohol dependent. Physiological, behavioural and subjective indices of the motivation to drink alcohol were employed 15 and 60 min after subjects had consumed beverages on four separate occasions corresponding to four priming conditions. These priming drinks contained either 60 ml vodka in heavy dilution or just tonic water, and in each of these conditions subjects were either led to believe that the beverages contained alcohol or they had no alcohol. The severely-dependent group displayed a degree of concordance between the indices of motivation to drink, and the levels of these tended to be significantly higher than in the less-dependent subjects. The results suggest that severely alcohol-dependent subjects were more disposed to drink 60 min after consuming alcoholic drinks than after soft drinks, regardless of whether they believed that the priming drinks had contained alcohol. Cognitive factors assumed greater importance for the drinking behaviour of less-dependent subjects, although there was evidence of discordance across behavioural, physiological and subjective measures for this group. 相似文献