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101.
The opponent-process theory, a dynamic model of acquired motivation presented by Solomon and Corbit (1974), was applied to the process of breastfeeding. A modified form of the Nowlis Mood Adjective Checklist (MACL, Nowlis, 1965, 1970) and a discomfort measure were used in assessing through recall the affective course predicted by the theory. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and correlational procedures. Results were highly significant: Women who breastfed for relatively long periods recalled positive affective responses while the baby was at breast and a subsequent negative or dysphoric response. The additional characteristics of acquired motivation, habituation, and withdrawal, were also evidenced in the data. As a control for possible confounding demand characteristics inherent in the methodology, a sample of childless women was surveyed using an "as-if" form of the same questionnaire. Very little similarity to the breastfeeders was found in the pattern of responses yielded by this group. It was concluded that our major findings are quite likely free of influence from this source. 相似文献
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How do listeners integrate temporally distributed phonemic information into coherent representations of syllables and words? For example, increasing the silence interval between the words "gray chip" may result in the percept "great chip," whereas increasing the duration of fricative noise in "chip" may alter the percept to "great ship" (B. H. Repp, A. M. Liberman, T. Eccardt, & D. Pesetsky, 1978). The ARTWORD neural model quantitatively simulates such context-sensitive speech data. In ARTWORD, sequentially stored phonemic items in working memory provide bottom-up input to unitized list chunks that group together sequences of items of variable length. The list chunks compete with each other. The winning groupings feed back to establish a resonance which temporarily boosts the activation levels of selected items and chunks, thereby creating an emergent conscious percept whose properties match such data. 相似文献
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Unlike older animals, weanling-age rats do not seek water to drink when they are dehydrated, despite the fact that a physiological sensitivity to dehydration is present very soon after birth. We demonstrate here that the appetitive behaviors needed to approach and obtain water become linked to dehydration only as a result of specific postnatal learning experience. Preventing early experience with dehydration retards the developmental emergence of dehydration-induced, water-oriented behavior in young rats. But a single pairing of water with dehydration can establish an appetitive response. These findings reveal a critical role of early learning in the development of goal-oriented behavior. Such a learning process is potentially characteristic of other behavioral systems, from the most basic appetites to complex motives. 相似文献