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291.
Ahmed A. Moustafa Szabolcs Keri Mohammad M. Herzallah Catherine E. Myers Mark A. Gluck 《Brain and cognition》2010
Building on our previous neurocomputational models of basal ganglia and hippocampal region function (and their modulation by dopamine and acetylcholine, respectively), we show here how an integration of these models can inform our understanding of the interaction between the basal ganglia and hippocampal region in associative learning and transfer generalization across various patient populations. As a common test bed for exploring interactions between these brain regions and neuromodulators, we focus on the acquired equivalence task, an associative learning paradigm in which stimuli that have been associated with the same outcome acquire a functional similarity such that subsequent generalization between these stimuli increases. This task has been used to test cognitive dysfunction in various patient populations with damages to the hippocampal region and basal ganglia, including studies of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), schizophrenia, basal forebrain amnesia, and hippocampal atrophy. Simulation results show that damage to the hippocampal region—as in patients with hippocampal atrophy (HA), hypoxia, mild Alzheimer’s (AD), or schizophrenia—leads to intact associative learning but impaired transfer generalization performance. Moreover, the model demonstrates how PD and anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysm—two very different brain disorders that affect different neural mechanisms—can have similar effects on acquired equivalence performance. In particular, the model shows that simulating a loss of dopamine function in the basal ganglia module (as in PD) leads to slow acquisition learning but intact transfer generalization. Similarly, the model shows that simulating the loss of acetylcholine in the hippocampal region (as in ACoA aneurysm) also results in slower acquisition learning. We argue from this that changes in associative learning of stimulus–action pathways (in the basal ganglia) or changes in the learning of stimulus representations (in the hippocampal region) can have similar functional effects. 相似文献
292.
Recent surveys of the general public and of counseling professionals suggest the pervasive importance of spirituality in the lives of all individuals. Yet, the infusion of spirituality in counselor preparation programs continues to be a concern. Incorporating spirituality within a wellness paradigm can help counselors and counselor educators value and address spirituality as an integral component of optimum human functioning. By distinguishing between religiosity and spirituality and operationally conceptualizing spirituality as a life span developmental phenomenon that is essential for achieving wellness, counselor educators can more readily incorporate spiritual issues within the philosophy of the counseling profession. 相似文献
293.
Virginia H. Mackintosh M.S. Barbara J. Myers Ph.D. Suzanne S. Kennon M.S. 《Journal of child and family studies》2006,15(5):579-594
We examined the quality of the relationship between children of incarcerated mothers and their kinship caregivers, to investigate whether perceived levels of warmth and acceptance were related to assessments of the children's behaviors. The sample consisted of 69 children (6 to 12 years) with currently incarcerated mothers who attended a recreational summer camp, and 25 of their caregivers. Children who felt lower levels of warmth and acceptance from their caregivers self-reported greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Caregivers' warmth and acceptance toward the children was lower when they assessed the children's behavior as difficult and the caregivers' parenting stress was high. 相似文献
294.
Frederic Sautter Judith A. Lyons Gina Manguno-Mire Dana Perry Xiaotong Han Michelle Sherman Leann Myers Ronald Landis Greer Sullivan 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2006,28(2):123-130
A telephone survey was conducted to identify predictors of treatment engagement in 83 cohabitating female partners of 83 Vietnam
theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The survey assessed veterans for their trauma
history and PTSD symptoms. Partners were assessed for caregiver burden, patient–partner involvement, PTSD treatment engagement,
self-efficacy relating to PTSD, beliefs about benefits of PTSD treatment, and PTSD treatment barriers. Significant predictors
of partner PTSD treatment engagement were the couple’s income, patient–partner involvement, and partner caregiver burden.
These findings have implications for family interventions that may increase partner PTSD treatment engagement and improve
PTSD treatment outcome. 相似文献
295.
Jeanne B. Funk Jill Hagan Jackie Schimming Wesley A. Bullock Debra D. Buchman Melissa Myers 《Aggressive behavior》2002,28(2):134-144
Associations between a preference for violent electronic games and adolescents’ self‐perceptions of problem behaviors and emotions were examined. It was predicted that a preference for violent games would be associated with negative externalizing characteristics, in particular aggressive emotions and behaviors, on the Youth Self‐Report (YSR), a standardized self‐report measure of adolescent problem behaviors. Thirty‐two 11‐ through 15‐year‐olds (17 girls) listed and categorized favorite electronic games into one of six predetermined categories and completed the YSR. MANOVA revealed significant relationships between a preference for violent games and the Thought Problems subscale (P < .01) and YSR Total Score (P < .05), with trends noted for the Internalizing (P < .06) and Anxious‐Depressed (P < .08) subscales. Expected relationships with externalizing behaviors, including aggression, were not found. However, across all YSR subscales, children with higher preference for violent games had more clinically significant elevations than those with low preference for violent games. On the Total Problems subscale, of the eight children receiving scores in the clinically significant range, six were in the High preference group (three boys and three girls). The failure to find the expected relationships between a preference for violent games and aggressive, externalizing behaviors is puzzling. It is possible that individuals with a preference for violent games may have high exposure to all forms of media violence. Their perceptions of their own behavior, in comparison, may not seem sufficiently aggressive to justify endorsement of problems in this area. Or, playing violent electronic games may promote a disconnection between the emotions normally associated with violence and violent acts. These explanations are consistent with a desensitization model where exposure to media violence decreases sensitivity to aggression. Aggr. Behav. 28:134–144, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
296.
Jane E. Myers Thomas J. Sweeney Victoria E. White 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2002,80(4):394-402
Although advocacy both for clients and for the profession is essential for the future of counseling and counselors, advocacy for the profession has received little systematic attention. A national plan for advocacy is needed, the effectiveness of which depends on achieving consensus concerning professional identity, promoting a positive public image, establishing effective intraprofessional and interprofessional collaboration, and obtaining the participation of each counselor in advocacy activities. Specific professional advocacy skills and techniques are described. 相似文献
297.
Lee M. Cohen Mark G. Myers John F. Kelly 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2002,24(4):225-233
Nicotine dependence has been found to be a significant factor in adolescent smoking persistence. However, measures of this construct are primarily adult-derived, limiting their utility as bases for characterizing nicotine dependence and formulating youth intervention strategies. This issue is of particular importance among substance abusing youth who have substantially higher rates of cigarette smoking than do adolescents in the general population. The objectives of this preliminary study were to examine the construct validity of the DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria and the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ) and to compare the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence with the mFTQ in a sample of 67 adolescent smokers in treatment for substance abuse. Results revealed that more participants were classified as nicotine dependent using DSM-IV criteria than by mFTQ scores. Little evidence was found for construct validity of these measures and convergence between the two measures was low. Findings also suggested that the present measures do not capture optimally broad dimensions of adolescent nicotine dependence. 相似文献
298.
Catherine E. Myers Deborah Bryant John DeLuca Mark A. Gluck 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,37(2):85-102
In humans, anterograde amnesia can result from damage to the medical temporal (MT) lobes (including hippocampus), as well
as to other brain areas such as basal forebrain. Results from animal classical conditioning studies suggest that there may
be qualitative differences in the memory impairment following MT vs. basal forebrain damage. Specifically, delay eyeblink
conditioning is spared after MT damage in animals and humans, but impaired in animals with basal forebrain damage. Recently,
we have likewise shown delay eyeblink conditioning impairment in humans with amnesia following anterior communicating artery
(ACoA) aneurysm rupture, which damages the basal forebrain. Another associative learning task, a computer-based concurrent
visual discrimination, also appears to be spared in MT amnesia while ACoA amnesics are slower to learn the discriminations.
Conversely, animal and computational models suggest that, even though MT amnesics may learn quickly, they may learn qualitatively
differently from controls, and these differences may result in impaired transfer when familiar information is presented in
novel combinations. Our initial data suggests such a two-phase learning and transfer task may provide a double dissociation
between MT amnesics (spared initial learning but impaired transfer) and ACoA amnesics (slow initial learning but spared transfer).
Together, these merging data suggest that there are subtle but dissociable differences in the amnesic syndrome following damage
to the MT lobes vs. basal forebrain, and that these differences may be most visible in non-declarative tasks such as eyeblink
classical conditioning and simple associative learning. 相似文献
299.
Rose Montplaisir Erica Lee Daniel Moreno‐De‐Luca Wade C. Myers 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2019,37(5):512-521
Trisomy 20 is a genetic abnormality in which individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 20. Complete trisomy 20 is rare and believed to be incompatible with life. A mosaic form of trisomy 20, in which only some cells or tissues contain the extra chromosome, is a relatively commonly encountered chromosomal abnormality found during prenatal testing, and c. 90% result in a normal phenotype. However, despite the absence of a consistent phenotype, certain findings have been reported across multiple cases of mosaic trisomy 20. These include an array of morphological findings, developmental delays, and learning disabilities. Beyond physical manifestations, a wide range of developmental and learning delays have also been reported. In this work, we provide an overview of the trisomy 20 literature and a case report of a young adult male with mosaic trisomy 20 who committed homicide. His developmental and life history, eventual diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 20, similarities and differences in his condition compared with prior research findings, and potentially new phenotypic findings associated with trisomy 20 that he manifested (childhood visual hallucinations, self‐injury, polydactyly) are presented. Additionally, the potential role of this genetic diagnosis in his neuropsychiatric history and its successful application as a mitigating factor at his capital sentencing trial are described. We did not identify other similar cases during our search of major scientific and legal databases. As a backdrop, the use of genetics in criminal trials is on the rise, and courts are increasingly likely to accept behavioral genetics evidence; therefore, it is crucial that the legal system is well acquainted with the opportunities and limitations of these approaches. 相似文献
300.
Shirley B. Huffman Jane E. Myers Lynne R. Tingle Lloyd A. Bond 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2005,83(1):48-56
Menopause, a normal midlife transition for women, remains poorly understood, especially for minority women. A total of 226 African American midlife women completed the Menopause Symptoms List (J. M. Perz, 1997); Menopause Attitude Scale (C. Bowles, 1986); Attitudes Toward Menopause checklist (B. L. Neugarten, V. Wood, R. J. Kraines, & B. Loomes, 1963); and instruments to elicit information about health status, stressful life events, social support, and demographics. The results reveal strengths as well as areas of concern for African American women in responding to normative midlife changes. Implications for counselors are explored. 相似文献