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241.
Classical conditioning has been explained by two main types of theories that postulate different learning mechanisms. Rescorla and Wagner (1972) put forth a theory in which conditioning is based on the ability of the US to drive learning through error correction. Alternatively, Mackintosh (1973) put forth a theory in which the ability of the CS to be associated with the unconditioned stimulus is modulated. We have proposed a reconciliation of these two mechanisms as working in parallel within different neural systems: a cerebellar system for US modulation and a hippocampal system for CS modulation. We developed a computational model of cerebellar function in eyeblink conditioning based on the error correction mechanism of the Rescorla-Wagner rule in which learning-related activity from the cerebellum inhibits the inferior olive, which is the US input pathway to the cerebellum (Gluck et al., 1994). We developed a computational model of the hippocampal region that forms altered representations of conditioned stimuli based on their behavioral outcomes (Gluck & Myers, 1993; Myers et al., 1995). Overall, computational modeling and empirical findings support the idea that, at least in the case of eyeblink conditioning, there may be two different neural systems: the cerebellum which mediates US-based error correction and hippocampus which alters representations of CSs. 相似文献
242.
The effectiveness of practice and stringent lineup instructions in improving children's identifications from sequential-presentation lineups was investigated. Elementary school children ( N = 144) viewed a slide sequence of a crime followed by practice or control procedures. In the practice conditions, children either practiced themselves (self) or watched a videotape of a child practicing (modeled). Practice consisted of 2 target-absent lineups (unmixed) or a target-absent lineup and a target-present lineup (mixed) of female photos unrelated to the crime. The control conditions did not engage in identification practice. All witnesses were given stringent instructions for identifying the criminal from target-present or target-absent sequential-presentation lineups. Multiple responding was dramatically reduced. Practice affected gender differentially. Female children increased in correct identifications, whereas male children increased in false rejections. None of the practice procedures reduced foil identifications from target-absent lineups. 相似文献
243.
Residents (N = 142) of a southeastern, upscale retirement community completed measures of wellness, perceived stress, and mattering. Participants scored higher than did a group of adults under age 60 on 4 of 5 second‐order wellness factors and Total Wellness, with medium to large effect sizes. Implications for counselors are discussed. 相似文献
244.
Men tend to establish minimum standards that are similar to those of women for high investment relationships (e.g., marriage) but set lower standards for relationships requiring less investment (e.g., a one-night stand). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether self-esteem moderates these gender differences in minimum standards for romantic relationships. This was accomplished by conducting a cross-sectional study with undergraduate participants (57 men and 124 women) from the southern region of the United States. Participants completed a self-esteem measure and reported their minimum standards for partners across various levels of relational involvement. As predicted, high self-esteem was associated with higher standards for low investment relationships among women but lower standards among men. 相似文献
245.
Robyn A. Cree John Lynch Margaret G. Au Melanie F. Myers 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):534-550
Family health history (FHH) is a valuable health promotion tool that can be used to assess disease risk and make lifestyle
and screening recommendations. However, few FHH resources exist for medically underserved populations such as the urban Appalachian
community in Cincinnati Ohio. Women of Appalachian heritage with less than a college education who did and did not participate
in a prior FHH education session were interviewed by phone in a semi-structured format. Interviewees were asked to discuss
their understanding of FHH and the role FHH played in seeking (or not seeking) medical care. Analysis of their discussion
identified four overarching themes as well as a model identifying conditions that facilitated or impeded the choice to seek
medical care based on FHH. Findings from this study may be used to develop targeted FHH educational interventions in the urban
Appalachian and other communities. 相似文献
246.
Ryan T. Cragun Amelia R. Woltanski Melanie F. Myers Deborah L. Cragun 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):551-566
Although there is evidence that the religious beliefs of genetic counselors (GCs) can induce internal conflict in at least
some genetic counseling scenarios, empirical research on the religiosity of GCs is limited. This study compares genetic counselors
to a representative sample of the adult U.S. population on multiple religiosity measures. After controlling for several sociodemographic
factors the percentage of GCs who report having a religious affiliation is similar to the general U.S., but GCs are less likely
to affiliate with conservative Christian religions and are more likely to be Jewish. GCs are significantly less likely than
the general U.S. population to: believe in god, attend religious services, pray, and believe in an afterlife even after controlling
for relevant sociodemographic factors. Despite the lower levels of religiosity, a majority of GCs do report themselves to
be moderately to highly spiritual. We explore potential reasons for religiosity differences as well as possible implications
in the context of the GC scope of practice. 相似文献
247.
Steve Myers 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2009,54(4):513-531
Abstract : Jung first recounted his dream of the multi-storeyed house in the 1925 seminars to illustrate the concept of the collective unconscious and explain the influence of phylogeny on his split with Freud. However, his telling the story of the dream belies a cryptomnesic influence of the early writings of psychoanalysis because Josef Breuer used a similar image to illustrate the structure of the psyche which Édouard Claparède associated with a phylogenetic inheritance. When telling the story of the dream, Jung misrepresented Freud's position, creating the impression of there being a bigger difference between their theories than was actually the case, and giving the dream a fictional significance for the breakdown of their relationship. In fact, Jung followed Freud into the fields of mythology and phylogenetics, and their split was due primarily to their different attitudes towards sexuality rather than phylogeny. The dream image has therefore led to a misunderstanding of Freudian theory when viewed from within a Jungian perspective. Freud believed there was a phylogenetic layer in the psyche, though he held a different view to Jung on its nature and importance. 相似文献
248.
Spontaneously hypertensive Wistar-derived male rats are more aggressive than those of their normotensive progenitor strain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We compared a group of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to a group of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats on each of the three most commonly studied forms of aggressive behavior in rats: muricide, intraspecific aggression, and shock-induced fighting (SIF). A significantly higher proportion of SHRs were muricidal; they also fought more at the lowest shock level. A trend for a higher incidence of intraspecific offense behaviors by SHRs was not significant. SHR flinch and jump thresholds were lower than the respective WKY thresholds. Although there were no significant correlations between shock thresholds and any aspects of SIF, the possibility that strain differences in shock sensitivity may contribute to differences in SIF cannot be ruled out. Within strains, there were no correlations among the different forms of aggression. Several different inherited characteristics may be associated with the accentuation of different forms of aggression in SHRs. 相似文献
249.
Norma Rodriguez Hector F. Myers Julie K. Morris Desdemona Cardoza 《Journal of applied social psychology》2000,30(7):1523-1550
This study examined whether minority‐status stresses and acculturative stresses increase the risk of psychological maladjustment of Latino students at a university where Latinos constitute the largest ethnic group. Participants were 338 Latino (228 Mexican American, 110 Central American) college students who responded to a mailed survey. The results of 2 separate hierarchical regression analyses of psychological distress and well‐being, controlling for demographic (gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity). sociocultural (level of acculturation), college role (generic college stresses), and personal (academic self‐confidence) influences provided partial support for our hypothesis and demonstrated the incremental predictive validity of acculturative stresses, but not of minority‐status stresses. Results are discussed in terms of the variety of stresses that Latino college students are likely to experience. 相似文献
250.
Abstract Individuals who possess a repressive coping style are known to have difficulty in retrieving negative autobiographical memories. We investigated whether these findings were specific to autobiographical memories. After learning a story containing positive and negative information about mothers and fathers, repressors remembered significantly fewer negative phrases than did controls, although there were no differences in the recall of positive material. 相似文献