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151.
We analyze four general signal detection models for recognition memory that differ in their distributional assumptions. Our
analyses show that a basic assumption of signal detection theory, the likelihood ratio decision axis, implies three regularities
in recognition memory: (1) the mirror effect, (2) the variance effect, and (3) the z-ROC length effect. For each model, we
present the equations that produce the three regularities and show, in computed examples, how they do so. We then show that
the regularities appear in data from a range of recognition studies. The analyses and data in our study support the following
generalization: Individuals make efficient recognition decisions on the basis of likelihood ratios. 相似文献
152.
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reliability and validity of eight developmental asset measures among a stratified, random sample (N = 540) of college students to guide health promotion efforts. The sample was randomly split to produce exploratory and confirmatory samples for factor analysis using principal axis factoring and varimax rotation and structural equation modeling techniques. Items were retained on factors if they had high loadings greater than .40 and were not complex. Concurrent validity was examined among substance use (including alcohol and tobacco) and sexual risk-taking variables. Exploratory and confirmatory samples did not differ on demographics. Parallel analysis confirmed the eight theorized constructs. Exploratory factor loadings were greater than .40. Concurrently, validity analyses were in the predicted direction. Cronbach alphas were .70 or greater with the exception of the Future Aspirations asset. Preliminary analyses support the reliability and validity of measuring developmental assets among emerging adults. Implications and potential uses are discussed. 相似文献
153.
154.
Although the stigmatization of obesity among children is highly prevalent, its origins and relationship to mass media exposure are largely unknown. Ninety boys and 171 girls aged 10–13 years (mean BMI = 19.84) were asked to rank, in order of liking, 12 figures of peers depicted both with and without various disabilities or obesity, and to rate their attitudes towards the obese child on visual analogue scales. Weekly time spent watching television, watching videogames, and reading magazines on weekdays and weekends was assessed. Total media use, magazine use, and videogame use were significantly correlated with more negative reactions to obese girls and boys. Regression analyses revealed that greater dislike of obese children relative to their non-overweight peers was uniquely predicted by magazine reading time. Thus, media exposure was associated with stigmatizing attitudes towards obese children. Mass media sources may lead children to devalue and stigmatize peers with above-average body weights. 相似文献
155.
The present study considered the relation between adolescent gambling behavior and the perceived environment, the component
of Jessor and Jessor’s (1977) Problem Behavior Theory that assesses the ways that adolescents perceive the attitudes and behaviors
of parents and peers. The predominantly African-American sample included 188 sophomores from two urban public high schools.
Using the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents to assess gambling risk, rates of both at-risk (20.7%) and problem
(12.8%) gambling were found to be high. Boys displayed more gambling problems than did girls. The perceived environment accounted
for significant variance in gambling problems and frequency, with proximal components displaying stronger relationships than
distal components. Perceiving parent gambling and friend models for problem behavior were positively correlated with gambling
problems, and friend models were positively related to gambling frequency. Among girls, family support was positively related
to gambling problems. Among boys, this relation was negative.
The authors Emerson M. Wickwire, Jr. James P. Whelan, and Andrew W. Meyers are members of The Institute for Gambling Education
and Research, Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN. The primary research interest of this group
is the prevention and treatment of gambling related problems.
David M. Murray, Ph.D., is the Chair of the Division of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH. 相似文献
156.
Jacqueline S. Mattis Yohance F. Murray Carrie A. Hatcher Kimberly D. Hearn G. Dawn Lawhon Eleanor J. Murphy Tracee A. Washington 《Journal of Adult Development》2001,8(4):221-230
The present study fills a crucial gap in literature surrounding the lives of African American men by exploring factors that shape the quality of these men's friendships. Drawing on data from a sample of 171 African American men, the study examines the relative utility of subjective religiosity, subjective spirituality, advice exchange, and affective sharing as predictors of the level of perceived support from male and female friends. Findings reveal age differences in subjective religiosity, subjective spirituality, and in level of advice and affective exchange in men's same-sex as well as cross-sex friendships. Age differences emerged in men's perceptions of the supportiveness of their friendships with women but not with men. Age was not a predictor of perceived supportiveness of same-sex or cross-sex friendships. Subjective religiosity did not predict support in same-sex or cross-sex friendships. Subjective spirituality positively predicted perceived support in men's same-sex friendships but not in cross-sex friendships. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
157.
158.
James A. Naifeh PhD Matthew K. Nock PhD Robert J. Ursano MD Patti L. Vegella MS Pablo A. Aliaga MS Carol S. Fullerton PhD Ronald C. Kessler PhD Christina L. Wryter BA Steven G. Heeringa PhD Murray B. Stein MD MPH the Army STARRS Collaborators 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2017,47(5):589-602
This prospective cohort study used administrative data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers to examine associations between neurocognitive functioning and subsequent suicidal events among Regular Army enlisted soldiers during the years 2004–2009. Cases were all soldiers who completed the Army's Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) computerized testing battery prior to documented suicide attempt (n = 607), ideation (n = 955), or death (n = 57). Controls were an equal‐probability sample of 9,893 person‐months from other soldiers. Exploratory factor analysis of five ANAM tests identified a general neurocognitive factor that excluded the mathematic processing test (MTH). When examined separately in logistic regression analyses that controlled for sociodemographics and prior mental health diagnosis, both the general neurocognitive factor (logit [β] = ?.197 to ?.521; p < .01) and MTH (β = ?.024 to ?.064; p < .05) were associated with all outcomes. When both predictors were examined simultaneously, the general neurocognitive factor continued to be associated with all outcomes (β = ?.164 to ?.417; p < .05) and MTH continued to be associated with suicide attempt (β = ?.015; p = .046) and ideation (β = ?.014; p = .018). These small but robust associations suggest that future research must continue to examine the extent to which objective neurocognitive tests may enhance understanding and prediction of suicide risk. 相似文献
159.
160.
Janice Murray 《Brain and cognition》1986,5(4):452-464
Ear advantages for CV syllables were determined for 28 right-handed individuals in a target monitoring dichotic task. In addition, ear dominance for dichotically presented tones was determined when the frequency difference of the two tones was small compared to the center frequency and when the frequency difference of the tones was larger. On all three tasks, subjects provided subjective separability ratings as measures of the spatial complexity of the dichotic stimuli. The results indicated a robust right ear advantage (REA) for the CV syllables and a left ear dominance on the two tone tasks, with a significant shift toward right ear dominance when the frequency difference of the tones was large. Although separability ratings for the group data indicated an increase in the perceived spatial separation of the components of the tone complex across the two tone tasks, the separability judgment ratings and the ear dominance scores were not correlated for either tone task. A significant correlation, however, was evidenced between the laterality measure for speech and the judgment of separability, indicating that a REA of increased magnitude is associated with more clearly localized and spatially separate speech sounds. Finally, the dominance scores on the two tone tasks were uncorrelated with the laterality measures of the speech task, whereas the scores on the tone tasks were highly correlated. The results suggest that spatial complexity does play a role in the emergence of the REA for speech. However, the failure to find a relationship between speech and nonspeech tasks suggest that all perceptual asymmetries observed with dichotic stimuli cannot be accounted for by a single theoretical explanation. 相似文献