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41.
Kerry Lee Swee Fong Ng Madeline Lee Pe Su Yin Ang Muhammad Nabil Azhar Mohd Hasshim Rebecca Bull 《The British journal of educational psychology》2012,82(1):82-99
Background: Exposure to mathematical pattern tasks is often deemed important for developing children's algebraic thinking skills. Yet, there is a dearth of evidence on the cognitive underpinnings of pattern tasks and how early competencies on these tasks are related to later development. Aims: We examined the domain‐specific and domain‐general determinants of performances on pattern tasks by using (a) a standardized test of numerical and arithmetic proficiency and (b) measures of executive functioning, respectively. Sample: Participants were 163 6‐year‐olds enrolled in primary schools that typically serve families from low to middle socioeconomic backgrounds. Method: Children were administered a battery of executive functioning (inhibitory, switching, updating), numerical and arithmetic proficiency (the Numerical Operations task from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test‐II), and three types of pattern tasks. Results: Contrary to findings from the adult literature, we found all the executive functioning measures coalesced into two factors: updating and an inhibition/switch factor. Only the updating factor predicted performances on the pattern tasks. Although performance on the pattern tasks were correlated with numerical and arithmetic proficiency, findings from structural equation modelling showed that there were no direct or independent relationships between them. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the bivariate relationships between pattern, numeracy, and arithmetic tasks are likely due to their shared demands on updating resources. Unlike older children, these findings suggest that for 6‐year‐olds, better numerical and arithmetic proficiency, without accompanying advantages in updating capacities, will no more likely lead to better performance on the pattern tasks. 相似文献
42.
Light is the origin of vision. The pattern of shading reflected from object surfaces is one of several optical features that provide fundamental information about shape and surface orientation. To understand how surface and object shading is processed by birds, six pigeons were tested with differentially illuminated convex and concave curved surfaces in five experiments using a go/no-go procedure. We found that pigeons rapidly learned this type of visual discrimination independent of lighting direction, surface coloration and camera perspective. Subsequent experiments varying the pattern of the lighting on these surfaces through changes in camera perspective, surface height, contrast, material specularity, surface shape, light motion, and perspective movement were consistent with the hypothesis that the pigeons were perceiving these illuminated surfaces as three-dimensional surfaces containing curved shapes. The results suggest that the use of relative shading for objects in a visual scene creates highly salient features for shape processing in birds. 相似文献
43.
Muhammad A. Parvaz Annmarie MacNamara Rita Z. Goldstein Greg Hajcak 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(4):730-740
Electrocortical activity, typically used to track the effects of cognitive reappraisal on the processing of emotional stimuli, has not been used to index the prefrontal-cortex-mediated regulatory mechanisms responsible for these effects. In the present study, we examined the novel possibility that induced frontal alpha (i.e., 8?C13?Hz), shown to reflect the inhibition and disengagement of task-relevant cortical regions, may be quantified to explore cortical activation that is specifically enhanced during cognitive reappraisal. For this purpose, 44 participants viewed unpleasant and neutral pictures followed by auditory instructions to either continue viewing the picture or reduce their emotional response to the picture by making the picture seem less emotional (i.e., cognitive reappraisal). In line with previous work, unpleasant pictures elicited a larger late positive potential (LPP) than did neutral pictures. Also corroborating previous work, the mid-latency LPP was reduced when pictures were cognitively reappraised. However, the present study showed for the first time that whereas unpleasant pictures elicited higher frontal alpha power bilaterally than did the neutral pictures, frontal alpha power was reduced (indicative of more activation and cognitive control) during cognitive reappraisal of both picture types over the left hemisphere. Taken together, the LPP and event-related induced frontal-alpha findings contribute unique information about the distinct neural substrates and cognitive processes underlying reappraisal. 相似文献
44.
45.
Muhammed Haron 《The Ecumenical review》2017,69(3):348-361
Africa's Muslims, like their counterparts on other continents, have been concerned about the negative effects of climate change. During the past few years, religious leaders have been called upon by their states and civil societies to draw upon intangible assets such as supplicating publicly and performing mass prayer meetings to beseech the Almighty to bring rain to their regions. Though the supplications of some were answered, others have been waiting for the Divine's response by keeping their hands raised and their eyes upon the skies. The purpose of this essay is fourfold: first, to identify prayer as a critical intangible asset for religious traditions when they encounter a crisis; second, to broadly discuss the interconnections between religion (in this case, Islam) and climate change; third, to identify guidelines for when and why to perform the “prayer for rain”; and fourth, to describe the responses of African Muslim communities and the strategies of Muslim religious leadership in praying for rain during and beyond times of drought. 相似文献
46.
Neil B. Guterman Muhammad M. Haj-Yahia Vanessa Vorhies Leyla Ismayilova Becky Leshem 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(6):687-696
We examined help-seeking and internal obstacles to receiving psychosocial support in the wake of community violence exposure
in a sample of 1,835 Arab and Jewish adolescents living in Israel. Paper and pencil surveys conducted in schools examined
adolescents’ personal victimization and witnessing of community violence in the past year, and then queried adolescents about
their help-seeking after violence exposure. Our findings indicated widespread exposure to community violence, particularly
for the Arab respondents. Only one in three Arab and one in four Jewish adolescents reported seeking help from anyone to cope
with such experiences following their violence exposure, and only rarely did adolescents seek help from a mental health professional
(one in twenty for Jewish and one in nine for Arab adolescents). Adolescents across both samples indicated a variety of internal
obstacles that might explain their lack of seeking help to cope with violence exposure, including cognitive minimization of
the event, deliberately maintaining the secrecy of the event, wishing to maintain their autonomy, and failing to believe in
the efficacy of seeking help from others. Such findings shed light on the difficult challenges to providing professional support
to adolescents when they are exposed to community violence, and suggest that such challenges, while varying to a degree across
cultures, are also prevalent across cultures. 相似文献
47.
Wali Ur Rehman Mansoor Ahmad Muhammad Mustafa Raziq Amir Riaz 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2019,28(4):525-535
Employees’ innovative work behaviour can help firms’ competitiveness. Existing research focuses on several factors, including HR policies, psychological empowerment as well as manager and co-worker support, to explain innovative work behaviour. However, much of this literature analyses just one of these, neglecting how they interact and limiting our understanding of the causes of innovative work behaviour. Synthesizing this work, we develop a novel and holistic framework that examines 1) how high-involvement HR systems are linked via the mediating role of psychological empowerment to innovative work behaviour and 2) how both manager and co-worker support moderate this relationship. Analysing software companies in Pakistan, we use hierarchical linear modelling to assess this framework. We draw on a unique dataset that captures HR policies at the organizational level as well as management and co-worker support, and supervisors’ assessments of individuals’ innovative work behaviour at the individual level. We analyse specific groups of HR practices. Psychological empowerment mediates the relationship between high-involvement HR systems and employees’ innovative work behaviour. Manager and co-worker support moderate the relationship between psychological empowerment and innovative work behaviour. Motivation-enhancing HR practices have a direct effect on innovative work behaviour, whereas ability- and opportunity-enhancing ones are mediated by psychological empowerment. 相似文献
48.
Francis X. Clooney S.J. Gail Hinich Sutherland Lou Ratté Francis X. Clooney S.J. Carl Olson Constantina Rhodes Bailly Alex Wayman Herman Tull Sheila McDonough Robert Zydenbos Cynthia Ann Humes Sarah Caldwell Deepak Sharma Robin Rinehart Robert N. Minor Frank J. Korom Janice D. Willis Peter Flügel Vijay Prashad Muhammad Usman Erdosy Muhammad Usman Erdosy Antony Copley Steve Derné Swarna Rajagopalan Gavin Flood Rebecca J. Manring Michael York David Gordon White John Grimes Melissa Kerin Steven J. Rosen Anna B. Bigelow Carl Olson Will Sweetman 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》1997,1(3):596-643
49.
50.
Usman Raja Inam Ul Haq Dirk De Clercq Muhammad Umer Azeem 《International journal of psychology》2020,55(3):332-341
This study applies social exchange and person–environment fit theories to predict that despotic leaders tend to hinder employee job performance, job satisfaction, and psychological well-being, whereas employees' own Islamic work ethic (IWE) enhances these outcomes. Also, IWE moderates the relationship of despotic leadership with the three outcomes, such that it heightens the negative impacts, because employees with a strong IWE find despotic leadership particularly troubling. A multi-source, two-wave, time-lagged study design, with a sample (303 paired responses) of employees working in various organisations, largely supports these predictions. Despotic leadership and IWE relate significantly to job performance, job satisfaction and psychological well-being in the predicted directions, except that there is no significant relationship between IWE and job satisfaction. A test of moderation shows that the negative relationships of despotic leadership with job outcomes are stronger when IWE is high. These findings have pertinent implications for theory, as well as for organisational practice. 相似文献