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71.
Previous research has shown that people-especially older adults-have a special difficulty in learning the names of newly encountered people. This is potentially attributable to the lack of direct link in memory between a face and name. The present experiments investigated whether older and younger adults could use other semantic information about a person (i.e., a "mediator") to indirectly link a name to a face. In each of two experiments, older and younger adults prelearned associations between semantic information (character information or occupations) and names. They then attempted to learn links between faces and either the names or semantic information. In the "unmediated" condition, participants learned only one piece of information (either the name or the semantic information) about each face, whereas in the "mediated" condition, they learned both the to-be-tested information as well as the "mediator" (i.e., both the name and the other semantic information). Experiment 1 showed that, at a simple level, both age groups could use character information ("good" or "bad") to help recognize people's names, given their faces. Experiment 2 showed that knowing the occupation associated with a name helped both age groups to later recall the name associated with a given face. 相似文献
72.
This study investigates cultural group differences (Israeli Arab vs. Jewish) in personal resources and life satisfaction. Arab students evidenced lower levels of life satisfaction, as well as perceived personal resources, when compared to their Jewish counterparts. Furthermore, personal resources mediated the effects of culture on life satisfaction. The role of personal resources at the juncture of culture and life satisfaction was discussed. 相似文献
73.
74.
Abstract This study examined the proposition that the efficacy of social support depends upon situational and personality variables. Specifically, it was hypothesized that women high on trait anxiety or undergoing their first experience of childbirth, would profit more from the presence of the husband during delivery than women low on trait anxiety or who had previously given birth. One hundred and twenty new mothers were asked to rank the level of state anxiety, state anger, tension and pain they had experienced during childbirth. Changes in their blood pressure and the amount of tranquilizing medication they had received were also measured. Results obtained with negative affectivity measures almost fully confirmed the hypotheses. Hypotheses regarding blood pressure were confirmed in part, but no support was found when using pain level and amount of tranquilizing medication as dependent variables. The findings are discussed in relation to the stress-buffering hypothesis and the manner in which trait anxiety might mediate the relationship between level of social support and individuals' stress reactions. 相似文献
75.
Preference for symmetry is a robust bias found throughout the animal kingdom. In humans, the bias for symmetry has been documented in numerous domains, including faces and visual patterns. The function of this potent aesthetic bias still eludes us, but prominent accounts focus on its role in mate selection and perceptual fluency. Previous studies have shown that both males and females find symmetrical faces to be more attractive, but here we show that the preference for symmetry in neutral stimuli (ie everyday and meaningless visual objects) is, on the other hand, unique to male participants. Our findings indicate that symmetry preference cannot be explained exclusively by perceptual or computational efficiency, because such an account is domain-independent yet females did not show any bias for the objects tested here. Further studies are needed to elucidate the utility of the male preference for visual object symmetry. 相似文献
76.
Moshe Zeidner 《Sex roles》2006,54(3-4):297-310
Gender group differences in terror–stress, cognitive appraisals, ways of coping with terror, and stress reactions were explored
in a sample of Israeli adults following prolonged exposure to political violence. Data were gathered at the height of the
Al-Aqsa Intifada uprising (May/July 2002) from a sample of 707 adult participants (60% women and 40% men) residing in Haifa
and northern Israel. Israeli women reported that they were more distressed by political violence than the men did, and they
also appraised the crisis situation as more threatening and less manageable. Women reported using more problem-focused as
well as emotion-focused coping than men did; both men and women used a mixture of coping strategies. Compared to men, women
reported that they experienced more somatic symptoms and more frequent posttraumatic stress symptoms than men did. Negative
affectivity was found to mediate gender differences in appraisals, coping, and outcomes. Overall, the nexus of relations among
key variables was found to be highly similar for men and women. These data suggest that women may be more reactive to chronic
political violence situations than men are. The data are discussed and explicated in the context of stress and coping theory
and prior research on political violence and community disasters. 相似文献
77.
Moshe Rosman 《Jewish History》2003,17(2):239-255
This article utilizes a newly discovered source, the protocol book of the municipal council of the Ukrainian town of Dubno,
to supplement Hebrew sources that describe the fate of the town and its Jewish community during the Kheml'nyts'kyi Uprising
and accompanying Gezeirot in 1648. It shows that the Cossack forces attacked the town twice and while many were killed, a significant number of its
Jewish inhabitants survived. Shortly after the withdrawal of the Cossack forces a process of recovery and rebuilding began.
Institutionally, both Christian and Jewish leaders quickly resurrected the forms — courts, legislative and administrative
bodies, and enforcement officials — which regulated life and kept order. Individuals had to contend with their losses of family,
property and belongings and this led to a resumption of business activity, second marriages and many disputes over debts and
stolen property. This pattern of people trying to re-create the institutional, familial and material infrastructure of their
lives seems to be typical of the communities that endured the Cossack attacks.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
78.
79.
In this article the authors seek a partial answer to the intriguing question of the nature of the factors which help some persons achieve healthy resolution of the divorce crisis with personal gains and successful post-divorce adjustment. A group of 24 divorced people (all members of different Israeli kibbutzim) who fulfilled the criteria used by the authors to identify good adjustment to crisis and personal growth after divorce reported on the beneficial influences which, in their opinion, contributed to the gainful outcome.(1982, Winter) 相似文献
80.
In this article the authors seek a partial answer to the intriguing question of the nature of the factors which help some persons achieve healthy resolution of the divorce crisis with personal gains and successful post-divorce adjustment. A group of 24 divorced people (all members of different Israeli kibbutzim) who fulfilled the criteria used by the authors to identify good adjustment to crisis and personal growth after divorce reported on the beneficial influences which, in their opinion, contributed to the gainful outcome. 相似文献