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301.
Philosophical Studies - Many non-naturalists about the normative want to endorse the view that some normative facts hold in virtue of both non-normative facts and normative principles. In this... 相似文献
302.
Marton I Wiener J Rogers M Moore C Tannock R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):107-118
This study explored empathy and social perspective taking in 8 to 12 year old children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD). The sample comprised 92 children, 50 with a diagnosis of ADHD and 42 typically developing comparison children.
Although children with ADHD were rated by their parents as less empathic than children without ADHD, this difference was accounted
for by co-occurring oppositional and conduct problems among children in the ADHD sample. Children with ADHD used lower levels
of social perspective taking coordination in their definition of problems, identification of feelings, and evaluation of outcomes
than children without ADHD, and these differences persisted after the role of language abilities, intelligence and oppositional
and conduct problems were taken into account. Girls were more empathic and had higher overall social perspective taking scores
than boys. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
This research was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). 相似文献
303.
For large numbers of targets, path planning is a complex and computationally expensive task. Humans, however, usually solve
such tasks quickly and efficiently. We present experiments studying human path planning performance and the cognitive processes
and heuristics involved. Twenty-five places were arranged on a regular grid in a large room. Participants were repeatedly
asked to solve traveling salesman problems (TSP), i.e., to find the shortest closed loop connecting a start location with
multiple target locations. In Experiment 1, we tested whether humans employed the nearest neighbor (NN) strategy when solving
the TSP. Results showed that subjects outperform the NN-strategy, suggesting that it is not sufficient to explain human route
planning behavior. As a second possible strategy we tested a hierarchical planning heuristic in Experiment 2, demonstrating
that participants first plan a coarse route on the region level that is refined during navigation. To test for the relevance
of spatial working memory (SWM) and spatial long-term memory (LTM) for planning performance and the planning heuristics applied,
we varied the memory demands between conditions in Experiment 2. In one condition the target locations were directly marked,
such that no memory was required; a second condition required participants to memorize the target locations during path planning
(SWM); in a third condition, additionally, the locations of targets had to retrieved from LTM (SWM and LTM). Results showed
that navigation performance decreased with increasing memory demands while the dependence on the hierarchical planning heuristic
increased. 相似文献
304.
Bilingual children often outperform monolingual children in tasks of cognitive control. This advantage may be a consequence of the fact that bilinguals have more practice controlling attention due to an ongoing need to manage two languages. However, existing evidence is limited because possible differences in ethnicity and socioeconomic status have not been properly controlled. To address this issue, we administered the Simon task to bilingual and monolingual children of identical ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Bilingual and monolingual children performed identically, whereas children from higher SES families were advantaged relative to children from lower SES families. Controlling differences in SES and ethnicity may attenuate the bilingual advantage in cognitive control. 相似文献
305.
306.
307.
The influence of the availability of personally known and media known sexual harassment victims and harassers on perceptions of social sexual workplace conduct was examined. Male and female full-time workers evaluated two videotapes that depict sexual harassment in the workplace. Results indicated that perceived likelihood of harassment and discrimination increased as participants recalled more examples of harassment victims whom they personally knew. In some instances, recall of victims in the media had a similar influence. As predicted, the influence of availability was stronger for men than for women. Similar findings resulted from the analyses of the unwelcomeness, severity, and pervasiveness of the conduct; however, legal standard, gender, or case often moderated this relationship. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
308.
Les effets d’une amorce sur les mémoires implicite et explicite à propos d’un produit placé dans un texte ont été mis à l’épreuve sous deux conditions, l’une où l’attention était orientée vers (encodage intentionnel) ou détournée du produit (encodage incident). Dans la première expérience, les caractéristiques positives d’un produit avaient plus de chances que les négatives d’être restituées, ce qui a conduit à un effet d’assimilation dans une condition témoin. Par contre, lorsque les particularités du produit étaient en amorec, le rappel explicite des caractéristiques négatives augmentait, débouchant sur un effet de contraste. L’impact de l’amorce était limitéà la condition d’encodage intentionnel, ce qui signifiait un effacement de l’information incompatible avec l’amorce. Dans la deuxième expérience, les épreuves de mémoires implicites perceptuelle et sémantique ont montré des effets d’amorce équivalents suite à l’encodage du produit, qu’il soit intentionnel ou incident. Par suite et contrairement à la mémoire explicite, la mémoire implicite du produit n’était pas conditionnée par l’attention. L’identification de ces limites de l’amorçage est utile aux gens de marketing qui envisagent ce consevoir une publicité exploitant les mémoires explicite et implicite d’un produit. The effects of priming on explicit and implicit memory about a product placed within a narrative were tested under conditions in which attention was drawn to (intentional encoding) or away from (incidental encoding) the product. In Experiment 1, positive features of a product were more likely to be recalled than negative features leading to an assimilation effect in a baseline condition. When the product characteristic was primed, however, explicit recall of the negative features increased resulting in a contrast effect. The impact of priming was restricted to the intentional encoding condition reflecting resolution of information incongruent with the prime. In Experiment 2, perceptual and semantic implicit memory tests revealed equivalent priming effects following both intentional and incidental encoding of the product. Thus, unlike explicit memory, implicit memory for the product was not limited by attention. Recognition of these boundary conditions of priming informs marketers intending to design advertising that taps explicit and implicit memory for a product. 相似文献
309.
Written emotional disclosure buffers the effects of social constraints on distress among cancer patients. 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Sandra G Zakowski Alona Ramati Carla Morton Peter Johnson Robert Flanigan 《Health psychology》2004,23(6):555-563
The aims of the present study were to examine whether written emotional disclosure would reduce distress among cancer patients and whether it would buffer the effects of high levels of social constraint (negative social responses to patients' expressions of emotion regarding their cancer) on distress. Cancer patients (N=104) were randomly assigned to write about their emotions regarding their cancer 20 min a day for 3 days or to write about a nonemotional topic. They completed questionnaires at baseline and 6 months postintervention. Results showed that written disclosure buffered the effects of social constraints on stress at the 6-month follow-up and that avoidance partly mediated these effects. The present data reinforce the notion that interventions should be tailored to patients' needs. 相似文献
310.
Justin Morton 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2019,97(2):265-280
Some proponents of the evolutionary debunking argument against moral realism believe that replies that assume substantive moral claims beg the question. In this paper, I give a new account of what's wrong with such replies. On this account, many realists beg the question when they rely on substantive moral claims in their replies to the argument, but naturalists do not. While this account generalizes to some other domains, it allows perceptual and inductive realism to remain undebunked. 相似文献