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31.
Sato T 《The Journal of psychology》2003,137(5):447-466
Sociotropy and autonomy are 2 personality dimensions related to an individual's vulnerability to depression (A. T. Beck, 1983). The Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (D. A. Clark, R. A. Steer, A. T. Beck, & L. Ross, 1995) and the Personal Style Inventory (C. J. Robins et al., 1994) were developed to assess these personality dimensions independent of each other. The present study is an examination of the relationship between the 2 scales and an attempt to specify the various factors that emerge when the items of the 2 scales are integrated. Participants (N = 514) responded to the Personal Style Inventory, the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (A. T. Beck & R. A. Steer, 1987). A principal component analysis on all of the items of the 2 scales revealed a four-factor structure (2 sociotropy and 2 autonomy). The author examined the relationships between depression, the 4 factors, and the 2 original scales and discussed the results in the context of vulnerability to depression. 相似文献
32.
Kenneth D. Locke Khairul A. Mastor Geoff MacDonald Daniela Barni Hiroaki Morio Jose Alberto S. Reyes José de Jesús Vargas-Flores Joselina Ibáñez-Reyes Shanmukh Kamble Fernando A. Ortiz 《European journal of social psychology》2020,50(5):903-920
To examine cultural, gender, and parent–child differences in partner preferences, in eight countries undergraduates (n = 2,071) and their parents (n = 1,851) ranked the desirability of qualities in someone the student might marry. Despite sizable cultural differences—especially between Southeast Asian and Western countries—participants generally ranked kind/understanding (reflecting interpersonal communion) highest, and intelligent and healthy (reflecting mental/physical agency) among the top four. Students valued exciting, attractive partners more and healthy, religious partners less than parents did; comparisons with rankings by youth in 1984 (i.e., from the parents' generation) suggested cohort effects cannot explain most parent–child disagreements. As evolutionary psychology predicts, participants prioritized wives' attractiveness and homemaker skills and husbands' education and breadwinner skills; but as sociocultural theory predicts, variations across countries/decades in gendered spousal/in-law preferences mirrored socioeconomic gender differences. Collectively, the results suggest individuals consider their social roles/circumstances when envisioning their ideal spouse/in-law, which has implications for how humans’ partner-appraisal capabilities evolved. 相似文献
33.
Ikuta N Sugiura M Sassa Y Watanabe J Akitsuki Y Iwata K Miura N Okamoto H Watanabe Y Sato S Horie K Matsue Y Kawashima R 《Brain and language》2006,97(2):154-161
The purpose of this study is to determine, by functional magnetic resonance imaging, how the activated regions of the brain change as a Japanese sentence is presented in a grammatically correct order. In this study, we presented constituents of a sentence to Japanese participants one by one at regular intervals. The results showed that the left lingual gyrus was significantly activated at the beginning of the sentence, then the left inferior frontal gyrus and left supplementary motor area, in the middle of the sentence, and the left inferior temporal gyrus, at the end of the sentence. We suggest that these brain areas are involved in sentence comprehension in this temporal order. 相似文献
34.
Adachi Y Sato C Yamatsu K Ito S Adachi K Yamagami T 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(3):459-470
OBJECTIVES: To examine the long-term effects of a new behavioral weight control program (Kenkou-tatsujin, KT program). The program consisted of twice-interactive letter communications including computer-tailored personal advice on treatment needs and behavioral modification. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial comparing Group KM: KT program with 6-month weight and targeted behavior's self-monitoring, Group K: KT program only, Group BM: an untailored self-help booklet with 7-month self-monitoring of weight and walking, and Group B: the self-help booklet only. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundreds and five overweight Japanese females were recruited via a local newspaper. MEASUREMENTS: Weight loss (body weight, BMI, reduction quotient, etc.) and behavioral changes (daily eating, exercise and sleeping habits). FINDINGS: A significant weight loss was observed in all groups. At 1 month, Groups KM and K were superior, but at 7 months, the mean weight loss was significantly more in Group KM than the other 3 groups. At 7 months, 8 dietary habits and 4 physical activities were improved in all subjects. Habitual improvement was related to the weight loss in Groups KM and K at 1 month. 相似文献
35.
Esther Guillaume Erica Baranski Elysia Todd Brock Bastian Igor Bronin Christina Ivanova Joey T. Cheng François S. de Kock Jaap J. A. Denissen David Gallardo‐Pujol Peter Halama Gyuseog Q. Han Jaechang Bae Jungsoon Moon Ryan Y. Hong Martina Hřebíčková Sylvie Graf Paweł Izdebski Lars Lundmann Lars Penke Marco Perugini Giulio Costantini John Rauthmann Matthias Ziegler Anu Realo Liisalotte Elme Tatsuya Sato Shizuka Kawamoto Piotr Szarota Jessica L. Tracy Marcel A. G. van Aken Yu Yang David C. Funder 《Journal of personality》2016,84(4):493-509
The purpose of this research is to quantitatively compare everyday situational experience around the world. Local collaborators recruited 5,447 members of college communities in 20 countries, who provided data via a Web site in 14 languages. Using the 89 items of the Riverside Situational Q‐sort (RSQ), participants described the situation they experienced the previous evening at 7:00 p.m. Correlations among the average situational profiles of each country ranged from r = .73 to r = .95; the typical situation was described as largely pleasant. Most similar were the United States/Canada; least similar were South Korea/Denmark. Japan had the most homogenous situational experience; South Korea, the least. The 15 RSQ items varying the most across countries described relatively negative aspects of situational experience; the 15 least varying items were more positive. Further analyses correlated RSQ items with national scores on six value dimensions, the Big Five traits, economic output, and population. Individualism, Neuroticism, Openness, and Gross Domestic Product yielded more significant correlations than expected by chance. Psychological research traditionally has paid more attention to the assessment of persons than of situations, a discrepancy that extends to cross‐cultural psychology. The present study demonstrates how cultures vary in situational experience in psychologically meaningful ways. 相似文献
36.
Previous studies have found that understanding another person’s mental states is a requirement for effective responding to
that person. This study examined whether effective responding also requires selecting a relevant mental state of another person.
Using a hypothetical persuasion paradigm, we investigated if late 4- and 5-year-olds (N = 120) could present information to counter a receiver’s opposition. For example, a boy is attempting to persuade his mother
to let him have a bird. If the mother objects to her son having the bird because bird is noisy, then the boy should ask her
to have a quiet bird. Presenting appropriate information (e.g., a quiet bird) was found to be more difficult when the person
had plural beliefs (e.g., a bird would be clean and noisy) and children had to select the source of opposition (e.g., a bird
would be noisy). This suggests that selecting an appropriate mental state of another person is necessary for effective responding.
Contingency and developmental analyses revealed that children could present appropriate information only when they could select
the source, indicating that the ability to select an appropriate mental state is a key factor in responding effectively to
others. 相似文献
37.
J. Saida M. Imafuku S. Sato T. Sanada E. Matsubara A. Inoue 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(3):135-144
The local structure of Zr70Al9Ni20Pd1 metallic glass, in which a nano-icosahedral quasi-crystalline phase (I-phase) is formed in the primary stage of crystallization, has been examined and compared with that of Zr70Al10Ni20, the supercooled liquid state of which has a high stability. Since the local environments around the Zr and Ni atoms do not change drastically by the addition of 1 at.% Pd to Zr70Al10Ni20, as evidenced by radial distribution function (RDF) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies, we deduce that the icosahedral phase formed in the Zr70Al9Ni20Pd1 metallic glass has a local structure similar to that in Zr70Al10Ni20. Although a very slight rearrangement of Zr–Zr atomic pairs occurs during quasi-crystallization, the I-phase formation is achieved without disturbing the dominant local structure in the glassy state of the Zr70Al9Ni20Pd1. An icosahedral local structure is proposed for Zr–Al–Ni metallic glass system as well as for primary quasi-crystal (QC)-forming Zr-based metallic glasses. 相似文献
38.
Helium retention in metals is related to their atomic structure and the type of defects they contain. In order to investigate the dependence of helium retention on structure, amorphous Fe79B16Si5 and crystalline FeBSi alloys were irradiated by helium ions at room temperature. In the crystalline alloy irradiated with 5 keV He+ ions, three types of helium trapping sites were found: surface defects produced by the irradiation, interstitial-type dislocation loops, and voids. Although these defects did not exist in the amorphous FeBSi alloy, we did observe thermal desorption peaks related to all three types. In addition, helium was released during the crystallization of amorphous FeBSi that had been irradiated by He+ ions. 相似文献
39.
Working memory in spatial knowledge acquisition: Differences in encoding processes and sense of direction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined how different components of working memory are involved in spatial knowledge acquisition for good and poor sense‐of‐direction (SOD) people. We employed a dual‐task method, and asked participants to learn routes from videos with verbal, visual and spatial interference tasks and without any interference. Results showed that participants with a good SOD encoded landmarks and routes verbally and spatially, and integrated knowledge about them into survey knowledge with the support of all three components of working memory. In contrast, participants with a poor SOD encoded landmarks only verbally, and tended to rely on the visual component of working memory in the processing of route knowledge. Based on the results, a possible model for explaining the differences in spatial knowledge acquisition and SOD was proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
40.
Toru Sato Brittany A. Harman Whitney M. Donohoe Allison Weaver William A. Hall 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(2):205-213
In his cognitive theory of depression, Beck (1987) suggested that highly sociotropic individuals have a strong need for social acceptance whereas highly autonomous individuals
have an excessive need for achievement. Research by Baumeister (2000) has suggested that a phenomenon known as ego depletion, the weakening of performance on tasks following active self-control,
occurs because it depletes a limited inner resource. The present study examined whether individuals who are highly sociotropic
or autonomous would respond differently when faced with tasks requiring self-control. Participants completed the Sociotropy-Autonomy
Scale (Clark et al. 1995) and engaged in two active self-control tasks. The results revealed that sociotropy levels were negatively correlated with
persistence on tasks that require self-control whereas autonomy was positively correlated to persistence on the same task.
In addition, the results suggested that, following a task requiring self-control, highly sociotropic individuals expend less
effort, whereas highly autonomous individuals expend more effort on subsequent tasks requiring self-control. 相似文献