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551.
Melanie Soderstrom Melissa Reimchen Disa Sauter James L. Morgan 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(2):298-311
Adults are highly proficient in understanding emotional signals from both facial and vocal cues, including when communicating across cultural boundaries. However, the developmental origin of this ability is poorly understood, and in particular, little is known about the ontogeny of differentiation of signals with the same valence. The studies reported here employed a habituation paradigm to test whether preverbal infants discriminate between non-linguistic vocal expressions of relief and triumph. Infants as young as 6 months who had habituated to relief or triumph showed significant discrimination of relief and triumph tokens at test (i.e. greater recovery to the unhabituated stimulus type), when exposed to tokens from a single individual (Study 1). Infants habituated to expressions from multiple individuals showed less consistent discrimination in that consistent discrimination was only found when infants were habituated to relief tokens (Study 2). Further, infants tested with tokens from individuals from different cultures showed dishabituation only when habituated to relief tokens and only at 10–12 months (Study 3). These findings suggest that discrimination between positive emotional expressions develops early and is modulated by learning. Further, infants' categorical representations of emotional expressions, like those of speech sounds, are influenced by speaker-specific information. 相似文献
552.
Renante Rondina II Kaitlin Curtiss Jed A. Meltzer Morgan D. Barense Jennifer D. Ryan 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(4):436-449
Episodic memories are comprised of details of “where” and “when”; spatial and temporal relations, respectively. However, evidence from behavioural, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging studies has provided mixed interpretations about how memories for spatial and temporal relations are organised—they may be hierarchical, fully interactive, or independent. In the current study, we examined the interaction of memory for spatial and temporal relations. Using explicit reports and eye-tracking, we assessed younger and older adults’ memory for spatial and temporal relations of objects that were presented singly across time in unique spatial locations. Explicit change detection of spatial relations was affected by a change in temporal relations, but explicit change detection of temporal relations was not affected by a change in spatial relations. Younger and older adults showed eye movement evidence of incidental memory for temporal relations, but only younger adults showed eye movement evidence of incidental memory for spatial relations. Together, these findings point towards a hierarchical organisation of relational memory. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the neural mechanisms that may support such a hierarchical organisation of memory. 相似文献
553.
Olivia Morgan Lapenta Ana Paula Xavier Sônia Cavalcanti Côrrea Paulo Sérgio Boggio 《Behavior research methods》2017,49(6):2083-2092
Human action perception is so powerful that people can identify movement efficiently in the absence of pictorial information, such as in point-light displays. Interest is growing in this type of stimulus for research in neuroscience. This interest stems from the advantage of separating the component of pure human action kinematics from other pictorial information, such as facial expression and muscle contraction. Although several groups have previously developed datasets of human point-light actions, due to the lack of datasets composed of daily actions with short durations, we developed 20 biological and 40 control (scrambled) point-light movements by using the technique of recording people wearing reflector patches. The videos are about 1 s long. Subsequently, we performed a judgment task in which 100 participants (50 male and 50 female) evaluated each video according to three categories: human action resemblance, performed action, and gender of actor. We present the mean scores of each evaluation for each video, and further propose a selection of the most suitable videos to be used as human point-light action displays and scrambled point-light displays for control. Finally, we discuss our findings on the gender attributions of the point-light displays. 相似文献
554.
The 23-item Meaningful Life Measure (Morgan and Farsides 2008) comprises five subscales, each designed to assess a distinct component of personal meaning: purposeful life; valued life;
accomplished life; principled life; and exciting life. In addition to providing a comprehensive composite meaning measure,
this instrument presents the possibility of measuring these components separately in future research applications. To demonstrate
the utility of their separate measurement, the present study therefore aimed to show differential patterns of correlation
between these five subscales and meaning correlates identified in the literature. The MLM’s factor structure and internal
reliability were replicated on the present sample. Evidence was then provided for the MLM’s convergent validity, and it was
demonstrated that its five subscales were indeed differently predicted by the meaning correlates from the literature. Findings
attest to the practical utility of a five-factor conceptualisation of meaning in life. In addition to identifying people who
score low and high on different factors of meaning in life, the MLM facilitates the further investigation of specific antecedents and consequences of different meaning components.
相似文献
Jessica MorganEmail: |
555.
Paul L. Morgan George Farkas Marianne M. Hillemeier Steven Maczuga 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(3):401-413
We used a large sample of singleton children to estimate the effects of socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, gender,
additional socio-demographics, gestational and birth factors, and parenting on children’s risk for learning-related behavior
problems at 24 months of age. We investigated to what extent these factors increased a child’s risk of displaying inattention,
a lack of task persistence, disinterest, non-cooperation, or frustration as he or she completed a series of cognitive and
physical tasks with a non-caregiver. Results indicated that boys are about twice as likely as girls to display learning-related
behavior problems. Children from lower SES households are about twice as likely as those from high SES households to display
such behavior problems, which is largely attributable to the effects of having a mother with a low educational level. Statistically
controlling for these factors, we found consistently significant patterns of elevated learning-related behavior problems for
some Asian and Native American children. Results for African-American children were mixed. Hispanic children did not have
consistently elevated risks of problem behaviors. Only small portions of these effects are explained by variation in the children’s
gestational or birth characteristics. A significant portion, but still less than half of the socio-demographic effects are
attributable to measured features of the children’s parenting. This study helps provide population-based estimates of children’s
risk for learning-related behavior problems while at an age when early interventions are most effective.
相似文献
Steven Maczuga |
556.
Do all components of a sign contribute equally to its recognition? In the present study, misperceptions in the sign-spotting task (based on the word-spotting task; Cutler &; Norris, 1988) were analyzed to address this question. Three groups of deaf signers of British Sign Language (BSL) with different ages of acquisition (AoA) saw BSL signs combined with nonsense signs, along with combinations of two nonsense signs. They were asked to spot real signs and report what they had spotted. We will present an analysis of false alarms to the nonsense-sign combinations&;#x2014;that is, misperceptions of nonsense signs as real signs (cf. van Ooijen, 1996). Participants modified the movement and handshape parameters more than the location parameter. Within this pattern, however, there were differences as a function of AoA. These results show that the theoretical distinctions between formbased parameters in sign-language models have consequences for online processing. Vowels and consonants have different roles in speech recognition; similarly, it appears that movement, handshape, and location parameters contribute differentially to sign recognition. 相似文献
557.
Seiriol Morgan 《Ratio》2009,22(1):19-40
In On What Matters Derek Parfit argues that we need to make a significant reassessment of the relationship between some central positions in moral philosophy, because, contrary to received opinion, Kantians, contractualists and consequentialists are all 'climbing the same mountain on different sides'. In Parfit's view Kant's own attempt to outline an account of moral obligation fails, but when it is modified in ways entirely congenial to his thinking, a defensible Kantian contractualism can be produced, which survives the objections which are fatal for Kant's own theory. This form of contractualism would then lead rational agents to choose consequentialist moral principles. I argue that Parfit significantly misrepresents Kant's project in moral philosophy, and that no genuinely Kantian moral theory could issue in a form of consequentialism. 相似文献
558.
Morgan Luck 《Sophia》2009,48(2):167-177
Miracles and the problem of evil are two prominent areas of research within philosophy of religion. On occasion these areas
converge, with God’s goodness being brought into question by the claim that either there is a lack of miracles, or there are
immoral miracles. In this paper I shall highlight a second manner in which miracles and the problem of evil relate. Namely,
I shall give reason as to why what is considered to be miraculous may be dependent upon a particular response to the problem
of natural evil. To establish this claim, I shall focus upon Aquinas’s definition of a miracle and a particular free-will
defence, the Luciferous defence.
相似文献
Morgan LuckEmail: |
559.
560.
Several models of choice compute the probability of selecting a given option by comparing the expected value (EV) of each
option. However, a subtle but important difference between two common rules used to compute the action probability is often
ignored. Specifically, one common rule type, the exponential rule, compares EVs via a difference operation, whereas another rule type, the power rule, uses a ratio operation. We tested the empirical validity of each rule type by having human participants perform a choice task in which
either the difference or the ratio between the reward values was altered relative to a control condition. Results indicated
that participants can compare expected rewards by either ratio or difference operations but that altering the ratio between
EVs produces the most dramatic changes in behavior. We discuss implications for several related research fields. 相似文献