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901.
Gaze following is a fundamental component of triadic social interaction which includes events and an object shared with other individuals and is found in both human and nonhuman primates. Most previous work has focused only on the immediate reaction after following another’s gaze. In contrast, this study investigated whether gaze following is retained after the observation of the other’s gaze shift, whether this retainment differs between species and age groups, and whether the retainment depends on the nature of the preceding events. In the social condition, subjects (1- and 2-year-old human children and chimpanzees) witnessed an experimenter who looked and pointed in the direction of a target lamp. In the physical condition, the target lamp blinked but the experimenter did not provide any cues. After a brief delay, we presented the same stimulus again without any cues. All subjects looked again to the target location after experiencing the social condition and thus showed a carryover effect. However, only 2-year-olds showed a carryover effect in the physical condition; 1-year-olds and chimpanzees did not. Additionally, only human children showed spontaneous interactive actions such as pointing. Our results suggest that the difference between the two age groups and chimpanzees is conceptual and not only quantitative. 相似文献
902.
The use of alcohol by women during pregnancy is a continuing problem. In this review the behavioral effects of prenatal alcohol
from animal models are described and related to studies of children and adults with FASD. Studies with monkeys and rodents
show that prenatal alcohol exposure adversely affects neonatal orienting, attention and motor maturity, as well as activity
level, executive function, response inhibition, and sensory processing later in life. The primate moderate dose behavioral
findings fill an important gap between human correlational data and rodent mechanistic research. These animal findings are
directly translatable to human findings. Moreover, primate studies that manipulated prenatal alcohol exposure and prenatal
stress independently show that prenatal stress exacerbates prenatal alcohol-induced behavioral impairments, underscoring the
need to consider stress-induced effects in fetal alcohol research. Studies in rodents and primates show long-term effects
of prenatal and developmental alcohol exposure on dopamine system functioning, which could underpin the behavioral effects. 相似文献
903.
Araceli?GonzalezEmail author Phoebe?S.?Moore Abbe?M.?Garcia Margo?Thienemann Lynne?Huffman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):159-170
Parent–child interaction paradigms are often used to observe dysfunctional family processes; however, the influence of such
tasks on a participant’s level of activation remain unclear. The aim of this pilot project is to explore the stimulus value
of interaction paradigms that have been commonly used in child anxiety research. Twenty-nine parent–child dyads with clinically
anxious (n = 16) and non-anxious (n = 13) youths engaged in a series of tasks (threat and non-threat) used in previous studies of parenting and youth anxiety.
Heart rate (HR) data, as an indicator of physiological activation, were collected across tasks, and participants rated the
perceived representativeness of their interactions in the laboratory to their usual behavior at home. Significant HR changes
were observed for both parent and child. Change in child HR from baseline to non-threat task was smaller than change in HR
from baseline to threat tasks. Change in parent HR from baseline to ambiguous situations tasks was smaller than changes from
baseline to other threat tasks. Differences in HR change between anxious and non-anxious children were explored. Participants
rated laboratory interactions as similar to those experienced in the home. Results suggest that presumably emotionally-charged
discussion tasks may produce increased activation compared to tasks that were designed to be more neutral. Implications for
future research and limitations are discussed. 相似文献
904.
Globally, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses. Managing T2DM is a major challenge
now affecting the lives of around 200 million people. Even when medication, diet, and physical activity regimens are maintained,
blood sugar levels might not be effectively controlled because stress triggers the release of sugar into the blood. This makes
the management of stress an important adjunct to the treatment of T2DM. Stress includes both life stress, the major issues
that people face in their lives, such as job loss, divorce, or death of a loved one, and daily hassles, smaller everyday problems,
such as deadlines for work, traffic hold-ups, or family disagreements. The stress levels created by these events are exacerbated
by the stress created by the demands of managing diabetes. In this paper, we first examine the evidence for the relationship
between stress and poor blood sugar control in people with T2DM. Then, we consider research that has examined the impact of
various stress management strategies on blood sugar level. Finally, we discuss some promising psychological techniques for
managing stress that could be helpful for people with diabetes or pre-diabetes. We note the double benefit of physical activity,
which directly assists in the metabolism of sugar from the blood and indirectly reduces acute stress and chronic stress reactivity,
thus providing a buffer against the effects of stress for people with T2DM. 相似文献
905.
Despite the fact that the role of learning is recognised in empirical and theoretical work on sense of agency (SoA), the nature of this learning has, rather surprisingly, received little attention. In the present study we consider the contribution of associative mechanisms to SoA. SoA can be measured quantitatively as a temporal linkage between voluntary actions and their external effects. Using an outcome blocking procedure, it was shown that training action–outcome associations under conditions of increased surprise augmented this temporal linkage. Moreover, these effects of surprise were correlated with schizotypy scores, suggesting that individual differences in higher level experiences are related to associative learning and to its impact on SoA. These results are discussed in terms of models of SoA, and our understanding of disrupted SoA in certain disorders. 相似文献
906.
McGeary D Moore M Vriend CA Peterson AL Gatchel RJ 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(2):155-163
The present article reviews the growing prevalence of comorbid pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the military. This has been caused by the ongoing military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, where new combat conditions/strategies are causing these comorbid conditions. Fortunately, comprehensive interdisciplinary treatment programs, originally developed for a civilian population and in academic settings, are being successfully "translated" or utilized in the military environment. Recent data demonstrating this translational clinical intervention are presented. Finally, challenges encountered when translating these interventions in a military environment are also discussed. 相似文献
907.
Moore SM Hardie EA Hackworth NJ Critchley CR Kyrios M Buzwell SA Crafti NA 《Psychology & health》2011,26(4):485-499
This study was a randomised control trial with a waiting control group. It was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-month, group-based diabetes prevention programme, The Healthy Living Course and assess whether participation in the programme led to changes in modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes among an already at-risk pre-diabetic population. Individuals designated at risk for diabetes by their general practitioners (GPs) were screened using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Volunteers (N = 307) with pre-diabetes were assigned to an intervention or wait-control group in the ratio of approximately 2 : 1. The sample was pre-tested on biochemical, anthropometric and self-report behavioural, cognitive and mood variables and post-tested either at the end of the educational/support-based lifestyle programme or the end of the wait period. The intervention group significantly improved their diabetes knowledge, motivation to change, positive affect, healthy eating and activity levels and showed significantly greater reductions in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose in comparison with controls. The intervention group also changed their diagnostic status from pre-diabetes to non-diabetes at a greater rate than the wait group (43% vs. 26%) who received standard care from their GPs. 相似文献
908.
Conners FA Loveall SJ Moore MS Hume LE Maddox CD 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2011,108(2):402-410
The self-teaching hypothesis suggests that children learn orthographic structure of words through the experience of phonologically recoding them. The current study is an individual differences analysis of the self-teaching hypothesis. A total of 40 children in Grades 2 and 3 (7-9 years of age) completed tests of phonological recoding, word identification, and orthographic knowledge. The relation of phonological recoding and word identification was significantly mediated by orthographic knowledge. Furthermore, two aspects of orthographic knowledge (perhaps word-specific and general orthographic knowledge) mediated different variance shared between phonological recoding and word identification. Results support an individual differences version of the self-teaching hypothesis and emphasize the importance of phonological recoding in the primary curriculum. 相似文献
909.
Hawkins KM Perry CJ Kiriella JB Shanahan CJ Moore AE Gage WH 《Journal of motor behavior》2011,43(1):37-44
The extent to which different locomotor tasks require cognitive control is not well characterized. In this article, the authors consider the potential increase in attentional demands associated with carrying an anterior load while clearing an obstacle. Nine healthy male volunteers participated in 80 walking trials, 20 in each of 4 conditions: 1 no load condition (NL) and 3 carrying conditions (2KG, 5KG, and 10KG). Of the 20 trials in each condition, 12 included a probe reaction time (PRT) test during lead limb obstacle crossing, which was used to measure cognitive load. A load-dependent increase in PRT was observed, with PRT in the 2KG condition being significantly greater than in the NL condition, and PRT in the 5KG and 10KG conditions being significantly greater than in the 2KG condition. These results suggested that cognitive load was increased when: (a) the obstacle was occluded from vision by the load, and (b) the magnitude of load was increased. 相似文献
910.
Susan Moore Cynthia Leung Wally Karnilowicz Ching‐Leung Lung 《Australian psychologist》2012,47(2):108-117
The aim of this study was to examine occurrence of romantic relationships and relationship break‐ups among young adults in Hong Kong and Australia and to explore associations between relationship style, identity status, negative affect, cultural group, and relationship experiences. Data were collected from Chinese tertiary students in Hong Kong (n = 279) and Anglo‐Australian tertiary students in Melbourne, Australia (n = 204). Participants completed a questionnaire including demographics, romantic relationship items, the Love Schemas Scale measuring romantic relationship style, the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Secure relationship style and more mature identity statuses were associated with having had a romantic relationship. Among those young people with romantic relationship experience, break‐ups were less common for those with a foreclosed identity status, skittish (avoidant) relationship style, and Hong Kong Chinese background. Negative mood was higher among those for whom a break‐up had been recent. Hurt experienced following a break‐up was greater when the break‐up was partner initiated and among those with less secure relationship styles and identity statuses. Overall, individual factors were stronger predictors of relationship status than cultural factors. 相似文献