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Being a pragmatic and not a referential approach tosemantics, the dialogical formulation ofparaconsistency allows the following semantic idea tobe expressed within a semi-formal system: In anargumentation it sometimes makes sense to distinguishbetween the contradiction of one of the argumentationpartners with himself (internal contradiction) and thecontradiction between the partners (externalcontradiction). The idea is that externalcontradiction may involve different semantic contextsin which, say A and ¬A have been asserted.The dialogical approach suggests a way of studying thedynamic process of contradictions through which thetwo contexts evolve for the sake of argumentation intoone system containing both contexts.More technically, we show a new, dialogical, way tobuild paraconsistent systems for propositional andfirst-order logic with classical and intuitionisticfeatures (i.e. paraconsistency both with and withouttertium non-datur) and present theircorresponding tableaux. 相似文献
43.
A. Faizur Rahman 《The Ecumenical review》2020,72(5):759-776
This essay foregrounds the reformatory teachings of two of the greatest men that walked the earth – Jesus and Muhammad. The majority of the followers of these honoured prophets attribute their success to the power and influence of their transcultural theologies and see them as nothing more than founders of independent religions. Another presumption is that their religions are mutually exclusive. This essay looks beyond creedal orthodoxies and inflexible articles of faith to find commonalities in the approaches of prophets Jesus and Muhammad while exploring the possibility of imagining their missions as liberatory responses to the socio-political conditions that prevailed during their times. 相似文献
44.
Semantic interference effects in the picture—word interference (PWI) paradigm have long been assumed to reflect competitive
mechanisms during lexical selection, a core component of the speech production system. However, recent observations of facilitative
effects have cast doubt on the usefulness of the paradigm for investigating lexicalization, and on the existence of lexical
competition in general. An alternative proposal suggests that lexical selection is not by competition, and that interference
effects reflect articulatory processes outside the lexical system. Here, we contrast these theoretical alternatives with semantic
distractor effects in the PWI paradigm. In two tasks, pictures were either overtly named or the names were manually classified.
Interference effects of comparable magnitude were observed in both response modalities, regardless of whether the names were
articulated or not. This finding supports lexical competition models and suggests that the articulators are not the source
of interference in the PWI paradigm. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
45.
Shukran Abdul Rahman 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(12):3031-3042
This study investigated the attitudes of teachers of different ethnic origins in Malaysia toward an outcome-oriented performance appraisal, the New Performance Appraisal System (NPAS). It also investigated the relationship between teachers' attitudes toward the system and their job satisfaction and professional commitment. Teachers of the major ethnic origins in Malaysia—Malays, Chinese, and Indians—were selected randomly from 6 public high schools in the state of Kedah. The study found that teachers of all ethnic origins reported less favorable attitudes toward the NPAS, and that their cultural dimension had no bearing on attitudes toward the NPAS. Teachers who received appropriate explanation and supervision of their performance, despite low performance-appraisal results, reported high levels of job satisfaction and professional commitment. 相似文献
46.
Nicolas Clerbout Marie-Hélène Gorisse Shahid Rahman 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2011,40(5):633-662
In classical India, Jain philosophers developed a theory of viewpoints (naya-vāda) according to which any statement is always performed within and dependent upon a given epistemic perspective or viewpoint.
The Jainas furnished this epistemology with an (epistemic) theory of disputation that takes into account the viewpoint in
which the main thesis has been stated. The main aim of our paper is to delve into the Jain notion of viewpoint-contextualisation
and to develop the elements of a suitable logical system that should offer a reconstruction of the Jainas’ epistemic theory
of disputation. A crucial step of our project is to approach the Jain theory of disputation with the help of a theory of meaning
for logical constants based on argumentative practices called dialogical logic. Since in the dialogical framework the meaning of the logical constants is given by the norms or rules for their use in a
debate, it provides a meaning theory closer to the Jain context-sensitive disputation theory than the main-stream formal model-theoretic
semantics. 相似文献
47.
In her book Fiction and Metaphysics (1999) Amie Thomasson, influenced by the work of Roman Ingarden, develops a phenomenological approach to fictional entities in order to explain how non-fictional entities can be referred to intrafictionally and transfictionally, for example in the context of literary interpretation. As our starting point we take Thomasson’s realist theory of literary fictional objects, according to which such objects actually exist, albeit as abstract and artifactual entities. Thomasson’s approach relies heavily on the notion of ontological dependence, but its precise semantics has not yet been developed. Moreover, the modal approach to the notion of ontological dependence underlying the Artifactual Theory has recently been contested by several scholars. The main aims of this paper are (i) to develop a semantic approach to the notion of ontological dependence in the context of the Artifactual Theory of fiction, and in so doing bridge a number of philosophical and logical gaps; (ii) to generalize Thomasson’s categorial theory of ontological dependence by reconstructing ontological categories of entities purely in terms of different structures of ontological dependence, rather than in terms of the basic kinds of entities the categorical entities depend on. 相似文献
48.
Rahman RA Sommer W Schweinberger SR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(2):366-373
On seeing familiar persons, biographical (semantic) information is typically retrieved faster and more accurately than name information. Serial stage models explain this pattern by suggesting that access to the name follows the retrieval of semantic information. In contrast, interactive activation and competition (IAC) models hold that both processes start together but name retrieval is slower because of structural peculiarities. With a 2-choice go/no-go procedure based on a semantic and a name-related classification, the authors tested differential predictions of the 2 alternative models for reaction times (RTs) and lateralized readiness potentials (LRP). Both LRP (Experiment 1) and RT (Experiment 2) results are in line with IAC models of face identification and naming. 相似文献
49.
Farrow TF Reilly R Rahman TA Herford AE Woodruff PW Spence SA 《Perceptual and motor skills》2003,97(2):451-460
A necessary component of lying is the withholding of a truthful response. Hence, lying may be conceptualised as involving the inhibition of an initial, automatic response (the truth) while an alternative response (the lie) is generated. We investigated response times to visually and auditorially presented questions probing recent episodic memory, when subjects answered questions truthfully or with lies. We also investigated whether the absolute response times or difference between time taken to tell the truth or lie was affected by participants' sex or correlated with personality scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Scale. 61 subjects answered the same 36 questions five times. The first time involved answering all questions truthfully, which allowed post hoc analysis of whether subjects had been consistent in their lying and truth-telling on the following four occasions. These latter four occasions involved answering all questions (one each with 'truth' or 'lie') for both types of presentation. Regardless of type of presentation or subjects' sex, subjects took approximately 200 msec. longer to lie than to tell the truth in response to each question (p<.001). There were significant correlations between truthful response times to auditorially presented questions and Eysenck 'Neuroticism' scores. There was also a significant correlation for women between mean individual lie-minus-truth time to auditorially presented questions and Eysenck 'Lie' scores. These preliminary data suggest that response time is systematically longer when telling a lie and that personality variables may play a part in this process. 相似文献
50.
Nace R. Magner Monsurur Rahman Robert B. Welker 《Journal of applied social psychology》1996,26(9):825-842
Prior research has indicated that people have particularly negative reactions to a situation where they receive an unfavorable distribution of resources that was established by means of an unfair allocation procedure. Studies that have examined this interaction between resource allocation outcomes and procedures with respect to its effect on individual work performance have produced equivocal results, however. The present study extends this work by testing the proposed interactive effect on performance in a work resource allocation context. As hypothesized, laboratory subjects had particularly low task performance when both of the following conditions were present: (a) They received an unfavorable distribution of a helpful work resource, and (b) the work resource was allocated through an unfair procedure. The results are discussed in the context of 5 alternative theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain the focal interaction. 相似文献