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211.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of different individual and group testing procedures on the success rate obtained by subjects on different formal problems. Four testing conditions were compared: a clinical interview; an individual interview without intervention; a group test with a demonstration of the material; and a group paper-and-pencil test. The four conditions are defined according to several variables that were deemed important for the explanation of potential performance outcomes. All subjects were administered the following four Piagetian derived tasks: a projection of shadows task; a permutation task; an equilibrium in the balance task; and an interrupter combinations task. According to the general hypothesis, subject performance should be optimal for the clinical interview and decline gradually as the assumed advantages of this method are systematically removed, i.e., counterquestioning of the examiner, retrials, subject-examiner interactions, familiarization with the material, etc. The results show that there are performance differences between the conditions, but mainly across the individual and group situations. However, mean ranks obtained from each condition indicate that the facilitating variables identified in the first three conditions have a certain influence on subject performance. Implications regarding a choice of a valid mesurement of formal thought are discussed. 相似文献
212.
While “recalibration by pairing” is now generally held to be the main process responsible for adaptation to intermodal discordance, the conditions under which pairing of heteromodal data occur in spite of a discordance have not been studied systematically. The question has been explored in the case of auditory-visual discordance. Subjects pointed at auditory targets before and after exposure to auditory and visual data from sources 20° apart in azimuth, in conditions varying by (a) the degree of realism of the context, and (b) the synchronization be-tween auditory and visual data. In Experiment 1, the exposure conditions combined the sound of a percussion instrument (bongos) with either the image on a video monitor of the hands of the player (semirealistic situation) or diffuse light modulated by the sound (nonrealistic situation). Experiment 2 featured a voice and either the image of the face of the speaker or light modulated by the voice, and in both situations either sound and image were exactly syn-chronous or the sound was made to lag by 0.35 sec. Desynchronization was found to reduce adaptation significantly, while degree of realism failed to produce an effect. Answers to a question asked at the end of the testing regarding the location of the sound source suggested that the apparent fusion of the auditory and visual data—the phenomenon called “ventriloquism”— was not affected by the conditions in the same way as adaptation. In Experiment 3, subjects were exposed to the experimental conditions of Experiment 2 and were asked to report their impressions of fusion by pressing a key. The results contribute to the suggestion that pairing of registered auditory and visual locations, the hypothetical process at the basis of recalibration, may be a different phenomenon from conscious fusion. 相似文献
213.
The arguments on which Choe, Welch, Gilford, and Juola have based their thesis that the various manifestations of ventriloquism are postperceptual effects are critically examined. The application of detection theory to the results of a discrepancy detection experiment, which they claimed allowed them to separate sensory interaction from response bias, is found invalid. It is further argued that an interpretation of ventriloquism exclusively in terms of response processes cannot account (1) for the compelling quality of the effect, and (2) for the occurrence of aftereffects. 相似文献
214.
Subjects were tested for both ear-hand and eye-hand co-ordination before and after monitoring a synchronous series of noise bursts and of light flashes coming from the same spatial position, but with the virtual position of the flashes displaced 15° laterally by prisms. Attention was forced on both stimuli by the instruction to detect occasional reductions in intensity. No subject reported noticing the spatial discrepancy. Nevertheless ear--hand co-ordination was shifted in the direction of the prismatic displacement, and eye-hand co-ordination in the opposite direction. Both shifts were observed with instructions suggesting that the sound and the light came from one single source, with instructions suggesting two separate sources, and also with no information regarding the spatial relationship of sound and light. It is concluded that the resolution of auditory-visual spatial conflict involves recalibrations of both visual and auditory data and that these alterations last long enough to be detected as after-effects. 相似文献
215.
Joël Fagot Bernard Arnaud Monique Chlambretto Raymond Fayolle 《Behavior research methods》1992,24(1):54-59
We describe an apparatus for testing laterality in haptic processing in the discrimination of nonsense shapes in humans or monkeys. The system, which permits either mono- or dichhaptic discrimination, automatically provides data on the measurement of accuracy along with information on hand exploratory strategies. 相似文献
216.
This study looks at how coreference is expressed under various oral production conditions and at various stages of development. Seven- to 11-year-old children and adults told silent comic strip stories involving two characters to a same-age peer. The stories varied as to: (1) the frame presentation mode, (2) the links between events across frames, and (3) thematic continuity. The results showed that, (1) in general, all speakers marked increasing referent givenness (the 7-year-olds and adults less so than the 11-year-olds), (2) arbitrarily placed picture sequences led to a greater number of markers of increasing referent givenness than ordered sequences (which made it easier to put the information into story format), and (3) speakers were more inclined to tell the story when the frames were shown all at once (on the same page) than when they were presented in booklet format (one frame per page). The manipulation of the production conditions turned out to be an effective way of revealing speaker competence. In step-by-step encoding where the pictures were discovered one at a time, 7-year-old children exhibited a greater tendency to describe each frame as an independent entity, 11-year-old children always marked increasing referent givenness, and adults maintained coreference in a more flexible manner by varying the markers used to express referent givenness. The viewing of all frames at once before encoding provided support for the expression of emerging narrative skills. This condition enabled the 7-year-olds to no longer describe the pictures independently, promoted the marking of increasing referent givenness between the ages of 7 and 9, and pointed out the age (9 years) when the speakers began to mark coreference as a function of how the story ended. 相似文献
217.
Predictive Validity of Adult Attachment Measures in Relation to Emotion Regulation Behaviors in Marital Interactions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Donald Bouthillier Danielle Julien Monique Dubé Isabelle Bélanger Manon Hamelin 《Journal of Adult Development》2002,9(4):291-305
This study examined the predictive validity of 2 assessment approaches to adult attachment in relation to emotion regulation behaviors during marital conflict interactions. Both partners of 40 couples completed the Adult Attachment Style self-report (AAS; C. Hazan & P. Shaver, 1987), the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ; J. A. Simpson, 1990), the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985), and a videotaped interaction during which the partners engaged in a problem-solving discussion. The discussions were coded by means of the Interactional Dimensions Coding System (IDCS; D. Julien, H. J. Markman, & K. M. Lindhal, 1989). Results showed that AAI classification predicted proactive emotion regulation behaviors, whereas the AAS and the AAQ did not. Issues concerning the predictive validity of current measures of adult attachment are discussed. 相似文献
218.
Galani R Berthel MC Lazarus C Majchrzak M Barbelivien A Kelche C Cassel JC 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,88(1):1-10
To assess a possible role for serotonin in the mediation of the behavioral changes induced by enriched housing conditions (EC), adult female Long-Evans rats sustaining a serotonin depletion (150 microg of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, icv) and sham-operated rats were housed postoperatively for 30 days in enriched (12 rats/large cage containing various objects) or standard housing conditions (2 rats/standard laboratory cage). Thereafter, anxiety responses (elevated plus-maze), locomotor activity (in the home-cage), sensori-motor capabilities (beam-walking task), and spatial memory (eight-arm radial maze) were assessed. Monoamine levels were subsequently measured in the frontoparietal cortex and the hippocampus. Overall, EC reduced anxiety-related responses, enhanced sensori-motor performance and improved the memory span in the initial stage of the spatial memory task. Despite a substantial reduction of serotonergic markers in the hippocampus (82%) and the cortex (74%), these positive effects of EC were not altered by the lesion. EC reduced the serotonin levels in the ventral hippocampus (particularly in unlesioned rats: -23%), increased serotonin turnover in the entire hippocampus (particularly in lesioned rats: +36%) and augmented the norepinephrine levels in the dorsal hippocampus (+68% in unlesioned and +49% in lesioned rats); no such alterations were found in the frontoparietal cortex. Our data suggest that an intact serotonergic system is not a prerequisite for the induction of positive behavioral effects by EC. The neurochemical changes found in the hippocampus of EC rats, however, show that the monoaminergic innervation of the hippocampus is a target of EC. 相似文献
219.
Monique Dub Danielle Julien Donald Bouthillier lise Lebeau Isabelle Blanger Manon Hamelin 《International journal of psychology》2001,36(5):329-339
A sample comprising 41 couples and their adolescent daughters participated in a study on the association between marital conflicts and mother‐daughter communication. Observational measurements and questionnaires were used to evaluate the level of the quality of communication between the couple, the marital satisfaction of the parents and the quality of the communication between mother and adolescent daughters. The results show that: (a) conflicts observed between the parents are positively associated with the level of confrontation observed between the mother and the daughter and (b) the marital satisfaction of the mothers plays a mediatory role between the conflicts in the couple and the level of mother‐daughter confrontation. The marital satisfaction of the mothers would be the link in the process of propagation of the affects and the negative behaviour of the couple and the mother‐adolescent daughter relationship. 相似文献
220.
Christine Lefebvre Denis Cousineau Serge Larochelle 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2008,70(8):1401-1415
Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) proposed that training under consistent stimulus-response mapping (CM) leads to automatic target detection in search tasks. Other theories, such as Treisman and Gelade's (1980) feature integration theory, consider target-distractor discriminability as the main determinant of search performance. The first two experiments pit these two principles against each other. The results show that CM training is neither necessary nor sufficient to achieve optimal search performance. Two other experiments examine whether CM trained targets, presented as distractors in unattended display locations, attract attention away from current targets. The results are again found to vary with target-distractor similarity. Overall, the present study strongly suggests that CM training does not invariably lead to automatic attention attraction in search tasks. 相似文献